我国农村公共产品供给存在的问题、成因及解决对策

完善农村公共产品供给,是实现城乡基本公共服务均等化目标的重要要求,是建设社会主义新农村的基本保障,对于贯彻统筹城乡发展战略和解决"三农"问题具有重要意义。由于城乡二元结构导致的宏观政策的倾斜使我国的城乡差距进一步扩大,农村公共产品的供给存在总量不足、结构不合理、公平缺失等突出问题。必须统筹协调,充分发挥各级政府的主导作用,同时要积极引导,发挥社会和市场的积极作用,推进农村公共产品供给问题的有效解决。     

二元经济结构下我国劳动力产业转移的影响因素及其政策启示

长期以来我国社会呈现出明显的二元经济结构特征,城乡二元结构也表现出刚性的发展态势,社会经济发展问题凸显。其中,农村劳动力过剩与城市劳动力短缺共存,已成劳动力市场上的一个社会悖论。在考察二元经济结构与我国劳动力转移两者关系之基础上,分析了基于科技进步的劳动力转移之影响因素。认为技术进步加快了劳动力的转移速度,地区经济发展水平对劳动力转移具有重要影响,教育水平是制约劳动力转移的重要因素。研究结论为释解我国劳动力市场的社会悖论,制定劳动力资源配置政策提供了科学的理论依据和重要的政策参考。     

对农村剩余劳动力转移问题的探讨

农村剩余劳动力转移是一个事关我国现代化建设的全局问题。农村剩余劳动力转移的政策目标应当与“二元结构”的体制改革、城市化和城乡一体化劳动力市场的建设结合起来     

农村留守儿童教育问题初探

随着我国农民工问题的大量出现，现在我国已经有将近六千万农村留守儿童。对于他们的教育问题已经成为一个日益严峻的社会问题。问题的根源在于我国的二元结构，问题的解决也必须从更广、更高的角度去看待。解决的途径也应该从打破二元结构壁垒、农民工市民化的角度去思考，只有这样才能从根本上解决。     

当代中国工人阶级二元结构的成因与对策

中国工人阶级当前面临两大问题,一是因为体制和经济结构的变化,原本同质化的传统工人阶级正在经历纵向再分层;二是由于城乡分隔的体制因素加上二元劳动力市场分割的经济因素,使工人阶级结构二元化。工人阶级的二元结构正在成为影响中国改革、发展、稳定的焦点问题。     

四维框架下的“多元协作供给”:农村公共产品供给模式创新研究

新中国成立后,我国形成了城乡二元的公共产品供给结构。但当前我国农村公共产品供给总量不足、结构失衡,严重制约了农村经济社会的发展,农村公共产品供给模式亟待创新。农村公共产品供给应从以政府为中心的单中心治理模式向政府、市场、第三部门、农民四维框架下的"多元协作供给"模式转变。在这一模式中,政府应承担主要供给责任,市场与第三部门应积极参与供给,农民的作用则主要体现在"自下而上"的供给决策机制建立。     

新阶段三大经济发展问题解决路径试探

十八届三中全会确定的全面深化改革目标是推动我国新阶段经济发展的强大动力。在新的发展阶段跨越"中等收入陷阱"、转变发展方式、消除城乡二元结构这三大经济发展问题至关重要,关系到改革的成败。只有处理好政府和市场的关系,使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用,市场做市场可以做的,政府做政府应该做的,二者都讲求效率,新阶段三大经济发展问题必将圆满解决。     

论农村公共产品供给与政府创新

我国农村公共产品存在严重供给不足现象。我国长期实行的城乡二元经济结构;压力型体制下的官员绩效方法;公共产品供给的自上而下决策机制;政府对公共产品行业的垄断;政府分权改革中形成的问题等是其诱因。促进我国农村公共产品供给就要加大政府对农村投资力度;强化政府公共性职能并采用科学的绩效考核指标;建立多主体的农村公共产品供给体系;实现农村公共产品供给的公共选择机制;理清不同层级政府间责权关系并精简机构。     

和谐社会的五只“拦路虎”

徐显明撰文指出，在迈向和谐社会的大道上，五只“拦路虎”困扰着我们的进步：1．由经济的二元性所产生的城乡二元性和社会结构二元性。正被制度性地安排为人的社会主体身份的二元性；而主体身份的二元性又被区别为权利享有的二元性。2．由社会不公引发的矛盾越来越突出。影响了社会不同群体对制度正义的信心。3．人与环境之间的紧张．已成为人与人之间关系紧张的重要根源。以高投放、高耗费、高污染为支撑的经济快速发展，已使我国的环境、生态、资源和能源四大要素出现空前危机。     

新型工业化进程中推进城乡二元工业化协调发展研究

由于我国严重的“二元经济结构”和“双重演进”的制度变迁特征,形成了农村工业化和城市工业化同时并存的城乡二元工业化格局。这种二元工业化格局的特征是:工业化空间分布的二元性、工业化实现路径的二元性、工业化资源配置手段的二元性、工业化产业层次的二元性,城乡二元工业化格局在促进经济发展的同时,也形成了对经济发展的延迟效应。在新型工业化的实现过程中,即要实现以信息化带动工业化,又要推进城乡工业的协调发展,促进农村工业化的发展,加速完成经典工业化的任务。     

Approval regulation and endogenous consumer confidence: Theory and analogies to licensing,safety, and financial regulation

Safety regulation – in the form of pre-market approval, licensure, screening, and product entry limitations – governs numerous market realms, including consumer finance. In this article, we ask whether the effects of safety regulation go beyond safety and affect consumers' beliefs about the distribution of products they can use. We model “approval regulation,” where a government regulator must approve the market entry of a product based upon observable, unbiased, and non-anticipable experiments. We show that even if regulator and firm disagree about only quality standards, the disagreement induces the firm to provide more information about its product than it would in the absence of regulation. Put differently, purely first-order disagreements in regulation generate second-order consequences (more certainty about product quality). These second-order consequences of regulation are sufficient to generate first-order effects among end-users (more consumption of superior products), even when users are risk-neutral. In other words, even if approval regulation produces little or no improvement in safety or quality, it still aggregates information useful to “downstream” product users; these users will exhibit higher consumption and will more readily switch to superior products. In contrast with libertarian analyses of entry regulation and licensure, the model predicts that entry restrictions may be associated with greater product or service utilization (consumption) as well as with greater price sensitivity among consumers. Because contemporary cost–benefit analyses ignore these second-order effects, they are unlikely to capture the possible confidence effects of approval regulation.     

树立人才强校理念加强高校人才管理

高校办学自主权的不断扩大,使高校逐步成为面向社会独立办学的实体.随着人才市场的建立、发展和完善,高校之间的竞争无疑将是人才的竞争.高校要在激烈的竞争中求发展、求生存,能否建立一支高水平的人才队伍则是关键.     

Strategic organizational drivers of corporate environmental responsibility in the Caribbean hotel industry

This study identifies strategic organizational drivers of corporate environmental responsibility (CER) in the Caribbean hotel sector. Hotels face institutional pressures that question their environmental legitimacy, competitive pressures that force market re-positioning decisions and constraints/advantages based on their resources and capabilities for managing CER. Empirical evidence collected here suggests that CER improves when hotels declare environmental policies; target eco-conscious tourists; are foreign owned; affiliated to MNCs; and experience healthy financial performance. The latter three factors also enable the implementation of environmental policies thereby strengthening CER. They play no such role in how market re-positioning strategies impact CER. Neither did strategic targeting of luxury tourists affect CER. These findings are useful to policy makers in tourism-dependent economies where CER is intrinsically tied to sustainable development and the tourism product is so dependent on the quality of the natural environment in which it is immersed.     

Paradise Paved? Reflections on the Fate of Social Citizenship in Canada

The aim of this paper is to assess the potential of the concept of social citizenship for articulating progressive policy development in Canada. I argue that the revisioning of social citizenship is hampered by a recent notion that it is part of the superseded welfare policy paradigm of the past. Many analysts characterize a shift in the objectives of Canadian social policy as a move away from a 'golden age' policy paradigm, which emphasized the social rights of citizenship, to a neo-liberal paradigm promoting market citizenship. I suggest that there is an overstatement in the current literature of the extent to which social citizenship rights were ever realized, or even pursued, in Canada. There are two tendencies toward over-generalization in the literature that obscure a more complex picture of social policy development in Canada. The first concerns the relationship between social policy and the social rights of citizenship. The blurring of these two concepts underlies some of the overstatement in the literature about the past implementation of social citizenship rights. The second tendency to over-generalization relates to the observation of a paradigm change in social policy orientation. While things may be shifting, there are grounds to believe that this is largely a within-paradigm intensification--from mean and lean, to meaner and leaner. Finally, I suggest that the conceptual foundations of the social rights of citizenship must be re-worked in a way that acknowledges contestation over the terrain and quality of the 'social' and that challenges the distinctness and priority of the 'market'. There is a continuing need to strengthen and promote the social rights of citizenship as a discursive and practical challenge to neo-liberal interpretations of the 'good' society as a 'market' society. This would involve contesting the claim that the market is the arbiter of the quality of life, and claiming the market itself as a social arena.     

市场经济中的道德与道德主义

发展市场经济不能忽视道德问题，无视道德问题的建设将不可能使市场经济得以健康发展，这是人们的共识。但另一方面我们却有必要区分市场经济中的道德与道德主义，并将此两的界限加以必要的把握。     

In-migration and the labor market in Tijuana,Baja California

This interpretative essay on the status of migrant workers in the Tijuana labor market sets up a theoretical framework and specifies the data sources used, including a survey of 672 families in Tijuana in 1982. To define the sphere of analysis, the author discusses demographic behavior and the evolution of the labor market in Tijuana. Within this context, an examination of the work status of migrants is conducted by comparing it to that of the native population, taking into account the characteristics of their regions of origin and factors related to that work status. It is shown that 1) migrants come from areas which are relatively more developed; 2) their work experience is directly related to the nature of the relative degree of development of their regions of origin; 3) there is no difference between the migrants and the native population with regard to the sectors and positions in which they are inserted; and 4) the type of migration tends to be similar to migration taking place in industrialized countries, rather than that characterizing developing countries.     

中国劳动力市场演化与政府行为

劳动力市场培育是中国改革的核心问题之一.中国经济改革是在城乡隔绝的特殊背景下展开的.旧体制下,城市国有部门人浮于事,大锅饭、铁饭碗造成效率低下;农村劳动力被禁锢在土地上,隔离在国家工业化进程之外,大量农村剩余劳动力不能及时转移到非农产业,造成极大浪费和损失.劳动力市场改革基于城市"治懒"、农村"治贫"的目标展开.逐步把国有部门职工推向市场,同时逐步改善农村劳动力的配置效率,渐进式改革、逐步释放被压抑的生产力,这是中国经济持续高速增长的根本动力.劳动力市场培育也是城乡劳动者权利的双向调整和逐步接近的过程.改革已取得了很大进展,但城乡劳动者的平等权利尚未实现.名义权利与实际权利的差异是当前最突出的问题.这种权利差异对经济社会协调发展造成威胁.增长、稳定、公平是左右政府改革行为的三大变量.劳动力市场上的权利不平等已成为经济持续增长和社会稳定的巨大障碍.贯彻新发展观,构建和谐社会正在使政策导向发生改变.     

Regulating the new urban poor: Local labour market control in an old industrial city

There has been considerable debate in recent years about the new forms of labour market policy developing in advanced industrial states, and especially the emergence of neo-liberal workfare regimes in the US and the UK. Conceptually, this has been viewed as part of a new form of employment regulation, based upon compulsion and coercion within a shift towards more flexible labour markets. Whilst in the UK policy might be conceived at the national level, it is at the local scale, within particular contexts, that the new employment initiatives are played out and their impact needs to be assessed. In this paper, attention is drawn to the importance of local labour control regimes, focusing upon how labour market institutions and mechanisms of regulation are developed within particular local historical contexts. In contrast to some accounts, the importance is emphasised of inherited social institutions and practices, both within the workplace and beyond in the sphere of social reproduction, in the development of local labour market regimes. Against more top–down narratives, this leads also to highlighting the importance of local autonomy and action in the emergence of new local labour control regimes as such proposed perspectives rejoin community-based practices with more conventionally perceived work-based struggles. The arguments are illustrated through an examination of a specific set of labour market programmes established to ‘deal’ with the after-effects of deindustrialisation in the city of Glasgow and in particular the need to manage those displaced by the shift from a productivist economy to one increasingly geared towards services and consumption.     

Ecological Crisis, Poverty and Urban Development in Latin America

This article deals with the social and ecological crisis in the urban regions in Latin America. To analyse the social and environmental conditions of Latin-American urban regions it is necessary to take into account two main factors: the high population and territorial growth of Latin American cities during the second half of the 20th century and the lack of an integral development which would have improved the urban quality of life. The imported market economy in Latin America, as a bad copy of the growth economy in the North, has generated a highly unequal development. The acceleration of the economic growth has gone hand in hand with the deceleration of development. Whereas the macro-economic rates improve, the indicators that measure qualitative evolution among sectors, territories and people have deteriorated. So, to explain the ecological crisis in Latin America, it is important to consider not only the different forms of environmental impact, but also the socio-economic factors and the availability of infrastructures. Therefore, this article describes the general social and economic development process in Latin America, and then examines the relationships between industrialisation and urbanisation in connection to the social and ecological conditions in urban areas.     

Policy Consulting and Public Policy

The changing nature of governance in Australia over the last two decades has given rise to a broad range of new strategies to review the development and delivery of government policies and programs. Key factors affecting the relationship between citizens and the state have been the deregulation and liberalisation of the Australian economy, with its focus on the market for the delivery of services, once the exclusive domain of public sector organisations. The increased use of consultants over this period is an example of governments going to the market for professional services. Effective policy development and review by consultants requires that they be well versed both in the substantive issues surrounding the policy field as well as in the process required to properly frame and evaluate these issues.