Desert,Bell Motion,and Fairness

In this critical review, I address two themes from Shelly Kagan’s path-breaking The Geometry of Desert. First I explain the so-called “bell motion” of desert mountains—a notion reflecting that, ceteris paribus, as people get more virtuous it becomes more important not to give them too little of whatever they deserve than not to give them too much. Having argued that Kagan’s defense of it is unsatisfactory, I offer two objections to the existence of the bell motion. Second, I take up an unrelated issue—the relation between comparative and non-comparative desert. I argue that, given a certain disaggregationist view of comparative desert, it is possible that comparative desert is not satisfied, even if non-comparative desert is perfectly so. Unlike my objections to the bell motion, this possibility adds further complexity to an already complex Kaganian account of desert.     

诉讼权利的滥用:程序正义的比较标准

一、APR概述综观各种法律制度,给人总体感觉是:滥用诉讼权利(the Abuse of Procedural Right,缩写为APR)的问题随处可见。但各国并未真正意识到司法中的权利滥用现象,对于APR问题的意义和重要性的认识也未达成统一,那种相信在任何地方都存在能够预防和制裁诉讼权利滥用现象的有效可行的救济方式是没有根据的。有人也许会说,没有一个法律制度完全不关注APR问题,但这只是问题的开始,而不是问题的结束,因为,诉讼权利滥用的形式是多种多样的。实际上,各国的情况大不相同:有些国家,例如法国,明确规定了APR的一般规则并授予法院处罚权〔1…     

Relativism and Universalism in Interrogation Fairness: A Comparative Analysis Between Europe and China

This paper addresses Chinese interrogation rules from historical and comparative perspectives by relating them to the very different development of interrogation procedure in Europe. A fuller understanding of the evolution of the rules in both contexts is relevant to the present day controversy concerning the universal versus relative nature of interrogation fairness. The comparative analysis reveals that, in fact, the influence of ancient Greek and Chinese civilizations resulted in a great difference between Europe and China regarding legal cultures and institutional arrangements for criminal interrogation procedure. Considering future legal reforms in China, and given the very different historical and institutional context, the likelihood seems low that an ‘autonomous version’ of the right to remain silent and the privilege against self-incrimination will develop on China’s very different soil. However, traditional native resources are also available to legal reformers to ensure a cooperative interviewing style in criminal questioning, and eliminate police-coerced confessions.     

Fairness in Bargaining

This paper uses historical and contemporary philosophical discussions of fairness to present a structural approach to the definition of fairness. After establishing a set of standards (not a specific definition), we assess the impact of fairness in negotiations and bargaining. Our analysis concludes that truly fair behavior is absent in bargaining and negotiations. Instead, behaviors that have been called just can also be characterized as self-interested. Our review suggests that the term fairness has been used rather loosely, as a convenient label or as a more palatable alternative to self-interested explanations for an individual's choices. For reasons of both parsimony and accuracy, we recommend that the self-interest of the actors be carefully considered before calling their bargaining behavior fair.     

论刑事诉讼中实体公正与程序公正之关系

程序公正近年来在我国法学理论界引起很大争论与探讨,就刑事诉讼中实体公正与程序公正之关系,各种观点百家争鸣,而该问题不仅为诉讼理论问题,且关系到诉讼中人权保障、诉讼模式等一系列实质内容,但有些提法抛开法律文化背景与法制现状,一味强调程序优先或过分坚持实体优先,有失偏颇。     

On Fairness and Efficiency

Vanessa Finch, Corporate Insolvency Law – Principles and Perspectives, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xxxix + 616 pp, pb £35.00.     

网络环境下版权保护理念的审视——由《馒头》VS．《无极》引发的思考

近一段时间,网络热炒《一个馒头引发的血案》(以下简称《馒头》),网民、网虫以及许许多多已经习惯了网络化生存的人们的眼球为此喷血。《馒头》是胡戈先生以电影《无极》中的若干镜头和片断为外壳,以一起谋杀案件为主线。以一种滑稽风趣的搞笑手法而编创的一个视频短片。2006年2月,电影《无极》的导     

知识产权：自然权利亦或法定之权

就财产权的正当性而言,以洛克财产权劳动学说为代表的自然权利论和源于休谟并经边沁等人发扬光大的功利主义影响最为深远.两种理论看似难以调和的两极,实则从不同侧面揭示了财产权的正当性基础.在这个意义上,知识产权既是源于创造性活动的自然权利,又是国家基于功利原则授予的法定之权.     

Expertise, Counterfactual Thinking, and Fairness Perceptions: A Test of Fairness Theory

While fairness theory (Folger & Cropanzano, 1998, 2001) suggests perceptions of injustice are due to accountability judgments and counterfactual thinking, few studies have examined the influence of contextual variables on counterfactual thinking and the mediating role of counterfactual thought. Further, the few studies that have examined this have resulted in mixed findings, which may be attributable to the methodology used. The present research utilized a unique approach to examine fairness theory: the double-randomized design. Study 1 showed that agent expertise is related to would and should counterfactual strength and the generation of other-attributed counterfactuals (X → M). Study 2 showed that would and should counterfactuals are related to fairness perceptions (M → Y). This study integrates previous research examining fairness theory and highlights the importance of counterfactual thoughts on fairness perceptions when a person’s level of expertise is made salient. Additional implications for research and practice are discussed.     

Affect and Fairness in Economics

A strained relationship exists between mainstream economics and ethics. Over the last decade, behavioral economists have strongly argued for the importance of fairness in motivating behavior, based on substantial experimental evidence. Two main approaches to the modeling of fairness have been proposed: the outcome-based inequity aversion approach, and the intention-based reciprocity approach. Both approaches have been quite successful in explaining the experimental evidence. Nonetheless, this paper questions the role that is assigned to fairness in these models and the way fairness is incorporated, using recent experimental findings concerning emotions and fairness perceptions. The analysis supports the view that feelings are important for justice, also from a policy perspective, and pleads for closer attention being paid to the functioning of emotional brain systems.

Revisionism and Desert

Revisionists claim that the retributive intuitions informing our responsibility-attributing practices are unwarranted under determinism, not only because they are false, but because if we are all “victims of causal luck”, it is unfair to treat one another as if we are deserving of moral and legal sanctions. One (moderate) revisionist strategy recommends a deflationary concept of moral responsibility, and that we justify punishment in consequentialist rather than retributive terms. Another (strong) revisionist strategy recommends that we eliminate all concepts of guilt, blame and punishment, and treat dangerous criminals as we treat people with contagious diseases. I argue against both strong and moderate revisionism that (1) it is not unfair to hold persons desert-entailingly responsible (in a weaker sense of ‘desert’) insofar as they take an interest in being treated as appraisable, and (2) that it is unfair to persons not to treat them as desert-entailingly responsible (in this weaker sense) contrary to their interests in being treated as such. The interest-based argument, I conclude, give us a justification for communicating retributive attitudes, but may still require a weak revision of our retributive practices, in the direction of a communicative theory of punishment.     

论一种作为公平的代际正义

在分析罗尔斯对代际正义证明的三种进路存在问题的基础上,通过对于人类存在的两个基本事实的确认和“同一时间入口”假设的区分,在正义环境要求获得满足的条件下,以最大最小原则可以证明代际正义在本质上仍然是一种作为公平的正义。     

Debt Restructuring and Notions of Fairness

This article examines concern for fairness in the way in which loss is distributed when a company or financial institution facing financial difficulties is restructured. It shows how this concern is often grounded in loose notions of fairness, or generalisations from one situation to another, rather than in detailed analysis. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, it builds an analytical frame for the fairness debate in debt restructuring. It shows why rigour is important in identifying fairness concerns, in weighing them against other considerations, and in applying concerns which arise in one scenario to another, and illustrates the types of policy mistake or policy incoherence which can arise if this is not done.     

专利法需要怎样的"间接侵权"--专利间接侵权若干基本问题探讨

由于定位不当、人为孤立专利间接侵权等原因，学术界在专利间接侵权行为的概念、行为类型、构成要件及其与共同侵权的关系等方面存在许多不必要的争议。解决的途径是在现行侵权立法的整体框架内，在充分顾及专利权的特殊性质以及专利间接侵权的制度价值的前提下，在专利立法中从主观方面、行为性质方面限定共同侵权规则的适用。     

论刑罚的公平性

刑罚的公平性有两种根据：一种是刑罚的报应根据，认为刑罚量的分配应该与已然之罪等量或等价；二是刑罚的预防根据，认为刑罚量的分配应该与未然之罪相适应。本文认为，刑罚分配的公平性既通过刑罚的报应根据（刑罚与主观恶性、客观危害相适应）体现出来，又通过刑罚的预防根据（刑罚与再犯可能、初犯可能相适应）体现出来，是二者对立统一的结果。     

健康公平的法律本质解读

医疗体制改革制度构建的宗旨在于实现健康公平,当前对于健康公平的法律本质予以解读显得尤为重要.应从实然性角度来理解健康公平,其是机会公平与结果公平的结合;健康公平体现为对公民健康权的公平保障、体现为社会法视域中的实质公平.同时,健康公平法律本质的实现要依赖于卫生服务筹资、提供、利用三个环节的公平性,也要借助法律制度从权利公平、程序公平两方面来予以制度性保障.     

论公诉检察官与维护司法公正

在公诉实践中 ,公诉检察官较为普遍地存在着两种与其职责和追求相背离的错误倾向 :一是单纯追求公诉成功率的当事人主义倾向 ,二是以“中立者”自居的消极公诉倾向。公诉检察官在履行公诉职能的同时 ,负有维护司法公正的使命 ,这是由公诉检察官的法定职责所决定的“客观义务”。