海洛因技术分析在禁毒情报方面的应用

本文通过统计缴获样本的化学检测信息及案卷资料,得到有关毒品的来源、含量、地区分布及掺假情况等情报信息。这些情报信息可以作为我国禁毒部门从战术角度(样本间的比较)和战略角度(毒品来源确定)研判我国毒品形势的手段之一。     

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of seized street drug samples and identification of source

In this paper we describe the identification of constituents of the illicit drugs seized from different regions of eastern India by GC-MS. The constituents were identified to be heroin, acetyl morphine, morphine and acetyl codeine. Quantitative estimation of the constituents were made by GC-MS and HPTLC. In view of non-availability of the authentic samples of drugs of different origin, nothing positive can be said about the origin of illicit drug samples. The possibility of isotopic substitution, an important method for identification of source, was examined from the comparison of the intensity of different (ion) peaks 369 (heroin, m/z=369), 370, 371 and 372 using selective ion monitoring mode. No isotopic substitution in the constituents was observed. Attempts were made to identify the source of the illicit samples from heroin/acetylcodeine ratios in the way described in the literature.     

Quantification of the amphetamine content in seized street samples by Raman spectroscopy

A Raman spectroscopy method for determining the drug content of street samples of amphetamine was developed by dissolving samples in an acidic solution containing an internal standard (sodium dihydrogen phosphate). The Raman spectra of the samples were measured with a CDD-Raman spectrometer. Two Raman quantification methods were used: (1) relative peak heights of characteristic signals of the amphetamine and the internal standard; and (2) multivariate calibration by partial least squares (PLS) based on second derivative of the spectra. For the determination of the peak height ratio, the spectra were baseline corrected and the peak height ratio (h(amphetamine at 994 cm(-1) )/h(internal standard at 880 cm(-1) )) was calculated. For the PLS analysis, the wave number interval of 1300-630 cm(-1) (348 data points) was chosen. No manual baseline correction was performed, but the spectra were differentiated twice to obtain their second derivatives, which were further analyzed. The Raman results were well in line with validated reference LC results when the Raman samples were analyzed within 2 h after dissolution. The present results clearly show that Raman spectroscopy is a good tool for rapid (acquisition time 1 min) and accurate quantitative analysis of street samples that contain illicit drugs and unknown adulterants and impurities.     

Sourcing Cannabis sativa L. by thermogravimetric analysis

Marijuana, dried and ground Cannabis, is the most consumed illicit drug in the world. Many undesirable and risky effects to human health are caused by its use. The medicinal use or legal recreational use of Cannabis has also been rising in many countries. These facts make traceability methodologies increasingly important whether for forensic use, such as drug trafficking eradication, or for quality control purposes of legal medicinal Cannabis. Consequently, the objective of this study was to analyze Cannabis by means of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) in order to assess the capability of this technique to trace the geographical origin of Cannabis cultivated in Colorado, United States of America. TGA appears to be sensitive enough to detect the degradation/decarboxylation of cannabinoids and terpenes, at least to some extent; also, the degradation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin was indicated. Overall, the temperature ranges we analyzed using linear discriminant analysis showed high accuracies, with the 200 to 300 °C and 600 to 700 °C ranges achieving 100% accuracy.     

THC content of cannabis and cannabis resin in samples seized by the Swedish police

The THC-content in 1100 samples of cannabis resin and 600 of marihuana has been determined. The content of THC varied much, in the resin groups mostly depending on the origin and age of the resin and in the marihuana groups depending on the origin and race of the seeds.     

Forensic application of chiral separation of amphetamine-type stimulants to impurity analysis of seized methamphetamine by capillary electrophoresis

The applicability of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with a UV detector using highly sulfated gamma-cyclodextrin as a chiral selector was examined for analysis of impurities in seized methamphetamine. Samples of methamphetamine-hydrochloride dissolved in water at a high concentration (20 mg/mL) were analyzed. Electrokinetic injection has an advantage over hydrodynamic injection for improving the detection of trace impurities. Small peaks of the precursor impurities, such as (1R,2S)-(-)-ephedrine and (1S,2S)-(+)-pseudoephedrine, were detected and quantified without extraction. The seized drugs could be classified into three groups based on the contents of the two impurities.     

A simple DNA extraction method for marijuana samples used in amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis

As a first step in developing a molecular method for the individualization of marijuana samples, we evaluated a plant DNA extraction kit. The QIAGEN plant DNeasy method uses a spin column format for recovery of DNA and is effective for obtaining high molecular weight DNA from leaf, flower (bud), and seed samples of marijuana. The average DNA yield was 125-500 ng per 100 milligrams of fresh plant tissue. The recovered DNA was of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) quality as measured by the ability to generate reproducible amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) profiles. AFLP is a technique used to create a DNA profile for plant varieties and is being applied to marijuana samples by the authors to link growers and distributors of clonal material. The QIAGEN plant DNeasy method was simple, efficient, and reproducible for processing small quantities of marijuana into DNA.     

Changes in place of origin of heroin seized in Denmark from 1981 to 1986. "Chemical fingerprint" of 138 samples

Hundred thirty-eight samples of heroin weighing more than 0.1 g seized between 1981 and 1986 were characterized according to their contents of opium alkaloids, adulterants, and diluents together with their form and color. The "chemical fingerprint" was used to establish a change in the heroin during the period. As compared to the first few years covered by the survey, a predominant number of the samples at the end of the period were in the base form and contained the opium alkaloids papaverine and noscapine. In particular, the concentration of noscapine as related to the heroin content of each sample had increased considerably, indicating Pakistan or Iran as being the places of origin of most of the heroin seized in Denmark at the end of the period.     

NIST Mass Spectrometry Data Center standard reference libraries and software tools: Application to seized drug analysis

The standard reference libraries and associated custom software provided by the National Institute of Standards and Technology's Mass Spectrometry Data Center (NIST MSDC) are described with a focus on assisting the seized drug analyst with the identification of fentanyl-related substances (FRS). These tools are particularly useful when encountering novel substances when no certified sample is available. The MSDC provides three standard reference mass spectral libraries, as well as six software packages for mass spectral analysis, reference library searching, data interpretation, and measurement uncertainty estimation. Each of these libraries and software packages are described with references to the original publications provided. Examples of fentanyl identification by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and by direct analysis in real-time (DART) mass spectrometry are given. A link to online tutorials is provided.     

Differentiation of unevaporated gasoline samples according to their brands, by SPME-GC-MS and multivariate statistical analysis

One of the aims of fire investigations is to identify associations among accelerants according to their source. In this study, 50 gasoline samples--representing five brands--were analyzed using solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Chemometric procedures, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and discriminant analysis (DA), were applied to a data matrix obtained by the target compound chromatogram method, to discriminate samples according to their brand. PCA was successful in finding a natural grouping of samples according to their brand, suggesting that aromatic compounds were more useful than aliphatics for the purpose of this study. DA, if applied to aromatic compounds, gave both a classification ability and a prediction ability of 100%. The outstanding results obtained by this work provide the basis of a data matrix that could be used in real cases of arson to link a sample of unevaporated gasoline to its brand or refinery.     

图像分析技术测定DNA含量变化推断死亡时间的研究及应用前景

图像分析技术是20世纪50年代发展起来的一门技术,它通过对图像信息的收集、处理、计算、分析而得出图像各部分的数量变化,在生物医学领域已经成为一种常规的定量技术。本文对图像分析技术测定DNA含量的原理、死后细胞核DNA降解的规律及图像分析技术定量DNA推断死亡时间的应用前景进行了综述。     

固相萃取、气相色谱法测定拟除虫菊酯农药

研究了水样中的微量拟除虫菊酯农药用固相萃取(C18)、GC/ECD法进行测定结果表明,250ml空白水中添加2μg混标拟除虫菊酯农药,氯氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯和溴氰菊酯回收率分别为37.7%、94.4%和78.2%.该方法简单快速、效果好,已成功应用于实际办案中.     

Linear mixture analysis: a mathematical approach to resolving mixed DNA samples.

With the advent of PCR-based STR typing systems, mixed samples can be separated into their individual DNA profiles. Quantitative peak information can help in this analysis. However, despite such advances, forensic mixture analysis still remains a laborious art, with the high cost and effort often precluding timely reporting. We introduce here a new automated approach to resolving forensic DNA mixtures. Our linear mixture analysis (LMA) is a straightforward mathematical approach that can integrate all the quantitative PCR data into a single rapid computation. LMA has application to diverse mixture problems. As demonstrated here on laboratory STR data, LMA can assess the quality and utility of its solutions. Such rapid and robust methods for computer-based analysis of DNA mixtures may help in reducing crime.     

The use of economic analysis by the Supreme Court in applying the concept of the relevant market

Attention by the courts to what constitutes a market has resulted from litigation enforcement by both the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice, especially in connection with the amended section 7 of the Clayton Act. The termmarket is not mentioned in either the Clayton or the Sherman Acts. What constitutes a part of commerce, a line of commerce, or section of the country has been interpreted by the courts to mean a market. A market in antitrust administration then becomes judicial—a process of interpreting the language of the antitrust statutes.     

Overview of the seized and examined pharmaceutical in the state of Minas Gerais-Brazil by the Civil Police from 2017 to 2022: A fundamental analysis of the recent impact over the drugs market

This work presents a data survey regarding the qualitative chemical analysis of drugs seized by the Police in the state of Minas Gerais between July 2017 and June 2022, including an evaluation of labeling of 265 samples of anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) seized in 2020. The Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) present in the samples were identified through chemical analysis and classified by system Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) methods. Analysis of the labeling information for 265 samples of AAS followed the guidance of legislation RDC 71 (2009) from ANVISA. For this study 6355 seized pharmaceuticals underwent qualitative chemical analysis that corresponded to 7739 APIs successfully identified and classified. Among the components studied AAS, psychostimulants, anesthetics, and analgesics were the most commonly examined. AAS seized and tested increased by over 100% and for the majority of the samples analyzed were found to not match the labeling on the packaging. In the meantime, anti-obesity drugs presented a prominent increase of 400% from 2020/1 to 2021/2, during covid-19 quarantine. Seized pharmaceuticals and tests can support information in the planning of public health and safety policies.     

应用高通量测序DNA甲基化差异体液识别研究

目的通过检测和分析DNA甲基化差异的方法识别三种法庭科学犯罪现场常见体液(唾液斑、精液斑、血液斑)细胞来源。方法利用亚硫酸氢盐法对唾液斑、精液斑、血液斑的DNA样品进行甲基化处理,对由文献[1]和实验过程中筛选得到的甲基化位点进行illumina高通量测序,检测三种体液斑中细胞DNA的甲基化程度,并通过BP神经网络分析每一个位点的甲基化程度与细胞来源的关系及全部检测位点的甲基化程度联合与细胞来源的关系。结果运用BP神经网络对35份样品的73个位点的甲基化程度进行训练和预测,可以将唾液、精液、血液三种来源的DNA样本分开,其准确率达到77.3%。其中精细胞在L81528位点中表现为高甲基化,唾液和血液表现为低甲基化,可将精细胞准确鉴别出来。结论本研究建立的高通量测序分析DNA甲基化差异的方法可通过增加检测位点和样品数量进一步提高识别体液细胞来源的准确率。     

Saliva identification in forensic samples by automated microextraction and intact mass analysis of statherin

The enzyme α-amylase has long been a commonly targeted protein in serological tests for saliva. While being especially abundant in saliva, α-amylase is detectable in vaginal secretions, sweat, fecal matter, breast milk and other matrices. As a result, assays for α-amylase only provide a presumptive indication of saliva. The availability of mass spectrometry-based tools for the detection of less abundant, but more specific, protein targets (e.g., human statherin) has enabled the development of high confidence assays for human saliva. Sample throughput, however, has traditionally been low due to multi-step workflows for protein extraction, quantitation, enzymatic digestion, solid phase cleanup, and nano-/capillary-based chromatography. Here, we present two novel “direct” single-stage extraction strategies for sample preparation. These feature immunoaffinity purification and reversed-phase solid-phase microextraction in conjunction with intact mass analysis of human statherin for saliva identification. Mass analysis was performed on the Thermo Scientific Q-Exactive™ Orbitrap mass spectrometer with a 10-min analytical run time. Data analysis was performed using Byos^® from Protein Metrics. Two sample sets were analyzed with a population of 20 individuals to evaluate detection reliability. A series of casework-type samples were then assayed to evaluate performance in an authentic forensic context. Statherin was confidently identified in 92% and 71% of samples extracted using the immunoaffinity purification and solid phase microextraction approaches, respectively. Overall, immunoaffinity purification outperformed the solid phase microextraction, especially with complex mixtures. In toto, robotic extraction and intact mass spectrometry enable the reliable identification of trace human saliva in a variety of sample types.