政府信息公开制度实施的问题及对策建议——以上海为例

政府信息公开制度是实现法律赋予公民和其他社会主体知情权的基本途径,也是政府有意识地推进自身从管制型政府向服务政府、有限政府、责任政府转型的一项重要公共政策.本文以上海政府信息公开制度的实施作为研究样本,通过个案深入揭示该制度在我国实施的问题,以及对推进中国政府信息公开制度良好实施的重要意义.     

阳光是最好的防腐剂——从政府信息公开看腐败治理

政府信息公开是防治腐败必要而有效的措施,针对腐败产生的原因、政府信息公开的趋势,从权力运行、权力制约和权力主体等方面论证了政府信息公开对于防治腐败的重要意义,并提出了推进政府信息公开的具体措施和途径。     

政府信息公开与领导干部应对媒体

本文依据已经正式颁布实施的<政府信患公开条例>的主要内容和规定,论述了在政府信息公开"有法可依"的新形势下,领导干部面对媒体的有关问题,包括领导干部面对媒体的前提、政府信息公开条例对领导干部面对媒体的要求、领导干部面对媒体时的角色定位和应对态度以及如何正确认识领导干部面对媒体等几个方面.明确指出领导干部面对媒体是依法行政的必然要求,是打造阳光政府和推进民主的重要途径,也是新形势下对领导干部的新的要求和考验.     

打造“透明政府”的现实思考——近年来国内关于政府信息公开问题研究的综述

行政公开,是现代政府的一种基本理念,也是有效促使行政机关积极为民众提供优质服务的一项制度设计。近年来,国内学者围绕政府信息公开这一主题在知情权、服务型政府、公共危机、电子政务、"两馆"角色定位及域外经验等多个维度展开讨论并取得了累累成果。尽管现阶段政府信息公开还存在种种不足,但对我国政府管理理念和行政方式产生了积极而深刻的影响。当然,要不断推进此项工作,还有待于我们在理论和实践两个层面深入探究。     

党内法规有序运行的影响因素与保障机制论析

党内法规的实施效果是由党内法规制定颁布后的实际运行状态所决定的。党内法规运行不畅集中表现为实施虚置、象征性执行和扭曲性执行三种典型样态。影响党内法规有序运行的因素主要包括体系本身、执规主体、监督过程和制度环境四个方面。若要实现党内法规的有序运行,必须建构内外兼备的运行保障机制。内部保障机制从制度体系内部着手,以监督问责机制建设为中心,确保党内法规监督问责的严密性,围绕人才培养和领导垂范两个基本点,提升党内法规人才培养的专业化,增强党员干部带头守规的示范效应。外部保障机制从价值观念、社会公开和教育策略三个维度展开,实现由工具主义价值观到规范主义价值观的嬗变、由保守封闭到公开透明的转型、由更多依赖外在灌输到更多注重内心信服的转变。     

《政府信息公开条例》绩效评价体系及其实证研究

政府信息公开是保障公民知情权的基础,亦为国家治理现代化的核心要素.由此客观上要求构建政府推进《政府信息公开条例》绩效的评价体系,开展实证研究,公开评价结果.基于结果导向及公众满意度导向,参考同类研究的做法,作为层次分析法特例,本文构建由4项一级指标、10项二级指标、24项三级指标组成的评价指标体系,并应用于2012年度全国31个省级政府及39个国务院部门的实证考察.结果表明:省级政府绩效得分均值为68.31,部门均值为62.67.存在的问题包括公开标准不明确、执行不力、监督制度缺位和社会评议缺失等.为此,需要不断提高工作意识,完善制度和技术体系.     

微时代背景下政府信息公开的现实审视与思考

我国信息社会进程发展迅速,微时代的特征日益显现,以微媒体为代表的传播方式正迅速改变、重构着信息传播生态,为政府信息公开工作带来前所未有的新变化。微时代背景下,我国开展政府信息公开工作既有信息传播渠道相对完善、政民沟通交互性增强、公众参与积极性提高等机遇,也面临着政府公信力受到威胁、舆情引导任务繁重、政府信息管理难度增大等挑战。我国政府应主动适应微时代洪流,从汇聚微动力、提升微服务、改善微传播三方面入手,推动政府信息公开的深入创新。     

政府信息公开中行政主体的信息分类义务

从《政府信息公开条例》的规定中可以推导出在政府信息公开制度中行政主体具有对信息进行分类的义务。这种义务体现在政府信息公开过程中和诉讼过程中两个阶段。这是由行政职责、行政效率、权力分工三方面的理论基础决定的,同时还具有防止行政主体滥用例外规则、保持法院在司法审查中的中立地位、保证行政主体行使信息权力的完整性等重要价值。违反信息分类义务,行政主体将承担行政责任、败诉的风险,严重的还有可能追究其刑事责任。     

从绩效评估走向绩效管理——美国经验和中国实践

政府绩效评估是绩效管理制度体系的一个核心环节.美国是发达国家中政府绩效管理取得成功的典范,其中尤以联邦政府为代表.以部门(社会保障部)绩效管理为例进行深入剖析,其绩效管理包括:结果导向的战略规划;年度绩效计划和绩效目标;绩效评估和绩效报告.结合对美国联邦政府绩效管理的经验总结,中国各级政府在推行绩效管理的过程中应着重加强三个方面的工作:加快绩效立法、设王专门的组织机构和推进预算制度改革.基于对中国各级政府推进绩效管理的全面审查,考虑到中国特殊国情和行政体制背景,从战略高度出发,应当在一级政府内部推进两种类型的绩效管理即项目绩效管理和部门绩效管理;而在实行垂直领导的行政系统内部推进行业系统绩效管理.     

完善我国政府信息免予公开范围的思考

我国政府关于信息免予公开范围的规定存在"三个安全一个稳定"的信息不确定、免予公开情形界定不明、免除公开事项具备了无限扩大的可能、缺少对政府讨论过程信息和执法性信息的排除等问题。对此,我国政府信息免予公开范围需要确立"推定公开"原则并限制和说明"三个安全一个稳定"信息,界定政府信息免予公开的情形,提高政府信息公开制度的法律效力,增加对"讨论过程信息"和"执法性信息"免予公开的规定。     

Public Administration in a Conflict Situation: The Case of Northern Ireland

This article examines recent developments in the public administrative system in Northern Ireland. The conflict in Northern Ireland has received widespread publicity, Yet government in the region continues. Public services are delivered. The article considers how the public administrative system has played its part in the management by the British government of the conflict. There are many other situations where there is political violence. The Northern Ireland case may offer insights to public administrators and policymakers in managing such situations.     

Research activities and budget allocations among Federal Reserve Banks

This paper applies the theory of bureaucracy to the internal operation of the Federal Reserve System. According to the bureaucratic model, the Board of Governors will use budget allocations to the individual Reserve Banks as a means of controlling their provision of information. By examining the research publications of Reserve Banks, we find two Banks which began providing ‘adverse publicity’ for the System in recent years. The empirical analysis reveals that the budgets of these Banks have decreased following the changes in research agendas.     

微博倒逼制度化反腐的成因及出路

微博反腐正成为自媒体时代中国反腐进程中方兴未艾的现象。微博反腐具有显著的正能量,它借助于焦点事件这种非制度化途径,起到倒逼政府介入腐败案件查处的功效,从而加速体制内反腐的理性化和制度化进程。微博反腐的倒逼机理在于,它把以前只是由反腐机构与当事人掌握的不对称"内部信息",通过微博这种自媒体发酵为路人皆知的"外部信息",从而实现了反腐机构、当事人与社会公众间的信息相对对称。在腐败信息相对对称的情况下,体制内反腐的工作重心将逐步从对焦点案件的被动查处,转变为对制度化反腐方略的主动探求。未来的廉政制度化建设应着力解决三大问题:一是国家廉政制度设计中制度短缺与制度剩余的并存悖论;二是既有廉政制度实际执行力不足导致的"制度软约束"现象;三是选择性反腐的合法性危机。     

论民生保障与政府公共性的重塑

民生问题凸现在一定程度上是政府“公共性”缺失在民生领域的反映。改善民生状况，是中国社会目前十分迫切的问题。民生问题之解决与政府行为密切相关，解决民生问题，提高政府民生保障水平，必须重构政府公共性。重构政府公共性的途径，一是加强行政伦理建设，确立和弘扬公共精神；二是不断推进民主政治建设，大力加强法治政府建设；三是不断健全完善社会政策，加快发展社会事业；四是加快政府职能转变和服务型政府建设；五是不断提高公共政策的公共性。     

Who Inherits the State? Colonial Rule and Postcolonial Conflict

Postulating grievance‐based mechanisms, several recent studies show that politically excluded ethnic groups are more likely to experience civil conflict. However, critics argue that endogeneity may undermine this finding since governments' decisions to include or exclude could be motivated by the anticipation of conflict. We counter this threat to inference by articulating a causal pathway that explains ethnic groups' access to power independently of conflict. Focusing on postcolonial states, we exploit differences in colonial empires' strategies of rule to model which ethnic groups were represented in government at the time of independence. This identification strategy allows estimating the exogenous effect of inclusiveness on conflict. We find that previous studies have tended to understate the conflict‐dampening impact of political inclusion. This finding suggests that grievances have been prematurely dismissed from conventional explanations of conflict, and that policy makers should consider conflict resolution methods based on power sharing and group rights.     

Statebuilding in Divided Societies: The Reform of Dayton in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Abstract

Drawing from the literature on conflict regulation and other plural society theories, this paper provides a framework of analysis to explore the dynamics involved in the external statebuilding process in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH). The analysis is based on a three-level framework whereby patterns of conflict regulation are analyzed at the inter- and intra-ethnic levels, as well as what this article terms the ‘supra-national’ ethnic level, where interactions between domestic and external actors are considered. In order to explore these issues empirically, this paper examines the process of constitutional reform in BiH over the course of 2005–6, drawing from personal interviews. The paper concludes that, while the assistance provided by external actors has proven substantial, the neglect of intra-ethnic dynamics and other related considerations have often rendered external actors’ efforts at shaping the statebuilding process in BiH ineffective.     

New rôles of government in supporting manufacturing: the capabilities of support agencies in Ghana and Zimbabwe

This study examines the roles and capabilities of executive agencies in providing support services to manufacturing in Ghana and Zimbabwe. It asserts that the new roles of government during and after adjustment have not been clearly defined and are in fact more complex than running state‐owned productive enterprises. The basic shift is said to be from direct provision of goods and services to the provision of an enabling environment through support in areas such as training, information, finance, export and investment promotion and technology. Economic development is stimulated when there is a harmonious relationship between entrepreneurs and their institutional environment, much of which is provided by the state. This article concentrates upon the role of meso‐level agencies in changing incentives faced by entrepreneurs and shifting them out of unproductive activity and into productive entrepreneurship, and outlines some of the preliminary results from related research. There are several factors which influence the capabilities of agencies providing these services. Essentially they may be divided into internal and external factors. This allows the analysis to consider not only budgeting and incentive systems but also the impact of external pressures experienced by any given agency. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

'Small Steps' or 'Great Leaps': How the Swedish Greens Are Learning the Lessons of Government Participation

As Green parties have solidified their positions within the Western European party systems, they have increasingly faced opportunities and pressures to participate in government at varying levels. This has raised significant questions regarding both how the Greens should progress strategically in relation to other longstanding political parties and also whether participation in government represents a process of 'institutionalisation' and a loss of the Greens'new politics' credentials. This paper examines the strategic changes and developments within the Swedish Green Party (Miljöpartiet de Gröna) as it has come to terms with opportunities to participate in government. It argues that the decisions within the party have reflected not only internal ideological debates, but also external pressures and opportunities. It also demonstrates that the experiences of the party at local and municipal levels have played a major role in encouraging the national party to consider negotiating with other parties. The paper attempts to draw lessons from the experiences of the Swedish Greens which may prove useful in trying to comprehend the future challenges and pressures facing the continued development of Europe's Green parties.     

Food or Thought? Assessing Internal and External Factors Affecting Evaluations of Instructor Effectiveness

Within the broader literature concerned with potential bias in student measures of instructor effectiveness, two broad types of bias have been shown to operate in a course: internal and external. Missing is an assessment of the relative influence of each bias type in the classroom. Do internal or external types of bias matter more or less to student measures of instructor effectiveness? This question is of interest to those who recognize that many forms of bias operate in the classroom simultaneously and to great effect on course evaluations. Through the combination of quasi-experimental and survey methods, we attempt to do something not done before — simultaneously measure and compare the effects of one internal and one external type of bias to which we refer, following convention in the literature, as an internal factor and an external factor. Our findings indicate that, while both factors studied are important, perception of instructor partisanship (internal factor) is more influential on student course evaluations than our external factor (experimental treatment — literally a chocolate treat). The upshot is that American government instructors should be especially careful stating partisan positions in class.     

信息公开、公众参与和开放型政府建设

传统行政管理组织的不透明性、严格的等级制度等,造成了一系列的政府问题。要解决这些问题就必须建立一种新型的政府,即"开放型政府"。开放型政府是一个信息输入与输出的循环体,公众参与即输入的过程,信息公开则是输出的过程,而"开放"就是由一个输入和输出构成的不断互动的环路。建设开放型政府是全球化和知识产业化的必然要求,是民主的必然要求,是世界各国政府建设的必然趋势,它对中国意义更加重要。目前开放型政府建设还存在诸如信息公开不足、公众参与不够等问题,因此,要加强开放型政府建设应该从这两方面入手:通过转变观念、加强立法等促进信息公开;从扩大基层民主、拓宽公民参与渠道等推动公众参与。