A new Fair Trade registration scheme based on the relations of production

Fashion, accessories, and homeware fall outside the regulations of Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International (FLO), which certifies mostly food products. A handful of fashion-led Fair Trade enterprises are now providing ranges of high-quality desirable products, made by workers employed in urban enterprises as well as independent producers in cooperatives. Tabeisa, an NGO involved in Fair Trade retailing, has developed a new regulatory framework which uniquely starts by defining the relations of production between all actors in the chain. This ensures that those not previously covered by existing standards are made visible and receive fair pay and conditions.     

Campaigning for Capital: Fair Elections and Foreign Investment in Comparative Perspective

This article makes several contributions to the literature on political risk and the determinants of capital inflows. First, I clarify the relationship between capital flows and democracy’s constituent parts in a way that takes arguments beyond aggregate democracy indicators and static political institutional structures. Specifically, I argue that fair elections signal government respect for democracy and the rule of law in a highly visible manner investors can access. I show how investors therefore use the fairness of elections as a way to assess political risk and to inform their investment strategies. However, the type of investment and the kinds of evidence of electoral misbehavior condition elections’ influence on capital flows. I also disaggregate capital flows into foreign direct investment (FDI) and portfolio investment. I argue that the logic of investing is different in the short term (portfolio) versus the long term (FDI). When it comes to political risk, I provide evidence that portfolio investment is much more sensitive to risk factors than FDI because of the relative ease with which portfolio investors can extricate themselves from an increasingly risky market and seek safer returns elsewhere compared to direct investors.     

A confluence of Fair Trade and organic agriculture in southern India

Although the confluence of Fair Trade and organic agriculture has become a salient phenomenon, they contradict each other at the production level: Fair Trade focuses on specific products, while organic agriculture targets production units. This article explores how Southern small-scale producers cope with this discrepancy, by observing one farmers' group's attempt to obtain the two certifications in India. This case study identifies stakeholders who react to the two certifications differently under different livelihood strategies. Combining the two initiatives may not always be the best practice for realising poverty reduction and environmental conservation –aims which the initiatives have in common.     

The future of Fair Trade coffee: dilemmas facing Latin America's small-scale producers

Fair Trade has become a dynamic and successful dimension of an emerging counter-tendency to the neo-liberal globalisation regime. This study explores some of the dilemmas facing the Fair Trade movement as it seeks to broaden and deepen its impact among the rural poor of Latin America's coffee sector. We argue that the efforts to broaden Fair Trade's economic impact among poor, small-scale producers are creating challenges for deepening the political impact of a movement that is based on social justice and environmental sustainability. The study is based on two years' research and seven case studies of Mexican and Central American small-scale farmer cooperatives producing coffee for the Fair Trade market.     

美中贸易协调性的实证分析:垂直专业化视角

基于2005～2012年的月度数据进行实证分析,协整检验结果表明,美国对华出口与从中国进口存在长期稳定的协整关系。从误差修正模型看,短期内美国对华出口与从中国进口之间存在动态调整机制。根据格兰杰因果关系检验,在滞后6期内,美国对华出口与从中国进口之间只存在单向的因果关系,美国对华出口是美国从中国进口的格兰杰原因,美国对华出口增长是美国从中国进口增长的决定因素。脉冲响应函数分析表明,美国对华出口的某一冲击会给美国从中国进口增长带来同向冲击。这些实证结果表明垂直专业化分工在驱动着美中贸易,政府在制定平衡美中贸易的政策时,不应忽视垂直专业化分工以及市场对维持美中双边贸易均衡的约束机制。     

中国与东盟关系:国际贸易的视角

由于中国和东盟国家都把现代化作为国家战略,都实行外向型的经济增长方式,都有较高的外贸依存度,因此对中国与东盟国家关系的考察,必须重视中国与东盟国家的国际贸易关系.本文从三个角度入手,分别考察中国与东盟国家双边贸易的现状、中国和东盟国家双边贸易在各自全部外贸中的地位以及中国和东盟国家各自在国际市场上的比较优势.根据对双方国际贸易关系的考察,本文认为中国和东盟国家之间的关系既是持续稳定发展的,又是仍处于相对较低的依赖度水平上,而且双方在某些方面还存在竞争的因素.如何在既有的基础上控制竞争,加强互补,提高依赖度是中国和东盟国家必须考虑的重大战略问题.     

中美贸易摩擦的经济学困惑及其政治经济学解释

贸易量的迅猛增长和贸易摩擦的不断加剧并存是当前中美贸易关系中最为突出的特点。在“贸易摩擦”中做文章既不能扭转中美贸易逆差,也不会对改善美国国内的就业状况有多大帮助,而且从根本上不利于美国整体经济效率和社会福利的提高。单纯从经济学角度解释中美贸易摩擦存在诸多困惑,必须考虑美国的利益集团压力、政府自身政治需要及对华整体战略等因素,才能对日益加剧的中美贸易摩擦给出一个较为合理的解释。     

Beyond 'Do No Harm': The Challenge of Constructing Ethical Relationships in Refugee Research

This paper highlights some of the central ethical challengesinvolved in undertaking social science research with refugeesin conflict and crisis situations. It focuses on two main setsof challenges: first, the difficulties of constructing an ethicalconsent process and obtaining genuinely informed consent; andsecond, taking fully into account and responding to refugeeparticipants' capacities for autonomy. The authors also discussthe challenges involved in applying the central normative principlesgoverning ethics review processes—the principles of beneficence,integrity, respect for persons, autonomy and justice—tothe context of refugee research. It is argued that researchersshould seek ways to move beyond harm minimization as a standardfor ethical research and recognize an obligation to design andconduct research projects that aim to bring about reciprocalbenefits for refugee participants and/or communities. Some ofthe methodological issues raised by this analysis are discussedin the conclusion.     

基于产业内贸易视角的中国与东盟产业结构调整探讨

一、文献综述 近年来,理论界对中国与东盟产业结构和贸易结构内在联系及其调整的研究有了不少进展,形成了许多有独到见解的研究成果。贾继锋、李晓青（1997）认为,中国和东盟互补性最初在初级产品中得以体现,随着双方产业结构中制造业产品的比重上升,产业内贸易的互补性日益成为主要的发展势头。产业调整中的互补性竞争导致新的产业分工,市场容量的双向扩展又增强了产业的互补。     

"他者"视域下的犹太伦理思想

犹太伦理的核心概念是“他者”,从外延上看,“他者”分3个层次:上帝、同胞、国人;从内涵看,“他者”的本质在于将自身客体化,做“他人的人质”。“他者”与我的关系构成了犹太伦理思想体系的主要内容,也形成了犹太伦理的特点,使它既不同于基督伦理,也有别于儒家伦理。“他者”在场的伦理规范体现为公义、赎罪和慈善。     

中美贸易冲突的动因探究与对策——基于美国贸易政策与税改内在逻辑视角

美国引发中美贸易冲突是美国单边贸易政策的突出体现,与美国税改等国内政策具有内在逻辑关系。作为特朗普政府的主要政策,美国试图通过减税吸引跨国企业和过渡法人企业向美国本土回流和扩大投资,并通过单边贸易政策建立更有利于美国的贸易规则,既是弥补税改等政策在短期内产生的巨额赤字的需要,也有在中长期形成更有利于美国发展环境的考量。其深层根源在于美国试图通过推动本土实体经济的发展,促进就业、科技和创新水平的提高,建立有利于美国的国际贸易和投资模式,强化美国主导的国际分工格局。深刻认识美国引发贸易冲突的根源有利于中国在贸易磋商中实现最大利益。基于此,中国应认识到美国的单边贸易政策具有不可持续性,解决两国共同诉求问题和双边贸易中存在的结构性问题,关注中美贸易冲突中高技术中间产品对中国发展的影响,继续推动贸易和投资的多元化。从中长期来看,中国应加快结构调整、推动产业升级,在国际竞争和分工中争取更有利的地位。     

中日韩贸易一体化趋势研究:自组织理论的视角

区域经济贸易一体化过程既有来自市场的驱动力,也有来自政府的驱动力。其中前者表现为经济贸易体系偏离均衡状态、从无序向有序演进的自组织过程。中日韩三国近年来经贸合作日益频繁,三国之间的贸易增长远快于三国对世界的贸易增长,相互出口结构进一步与区域内的需求结构相契合,产业分工水平进一步深化,表现出明显的区域贸易一体化趋势。这一过程客观上要求突破原有的国家边界的束缚,在区域内实施更加开放的经济贸易政策,促进区域竞争力的提高和经济的持续增长。     

基于产业视角下的云南省与GMS五国贸易动因研究

本文在梳理云南省与澜沧江—大湄公河次区域(GMS)内的缅甸、柬埔寨、老挝、泰国、越南贸易发展状况的基础上,采用显性比较优势指数分析方法研究云南省与五国贸易持续发展的动因。本文研究得出:云南省与GMS五国存在的不同的产业比较优势是推动双方贸易持续发展的动因之一,在此基础上,本文提出云南省发展与GMS五国贸易的对策建议,包括充分发挥云南省的产业比较优势,优化贸易产品结构,积极建立跨境贸易人民币结算体系。     

中国-东盟自由贸易区背景下的越中经济合作展望

自1991年越中关系正常化以来,两国的经济关系得到迅速发展.然而,在未来10～15年内中国-东盟自由贸易区建成时,两国的经济关系将面临机遇与挑战并存的新形势.     

中韩经贸合作的现状和发展前景

近年来 ,中韩两国经贸关系取得了迅速发展 ,在贸易、双边投资、产业合作等各个领域都取得了骄人的成绩 ,在人员往来、旅游和环境等领域的合作也发展迅速。中韩经贸合作的发展前景广阔。在全球经济增长放缓的背景下 ,中韩两国进一步拓展和深化在各个领域的合作 ,符合两国人民的根本利益 ,也有利于亚洲和世界的和平与发展。     

云南省与东盟国家经贸合作贸易便利化行动成本效益评析

随着2010年中国—东盟自由贸易区如期建成,云南省与东盟各国的贸易制度愈加开放,区内关税水平大幅下降,关税减让成果斐然,但也导致调整余地越来越小。云南省与东盟各国在双边经贸合作中,手续和程序复杂、标准各异、管理纷繁等问题阻碍了合作的深入。贸易的非效率使人们更加关注便利化的推行。贸易便利化能提供协调、透明、开放、自由的贸易环境。本文以云南省与东盟国家经贸合作为例,对贸易便利化行动的成本与效益进行了分析对比,得出结论并指出努力的方向。     

俄西伯利亚联邦区与中国贸易合作前景分析

俄罗斯西伯利亚联邦区十分重视与中国的经贸合作,与中国的贸易额占外贸总额的23％。与毗邻的中国边境地区加强合作是西伯利亚外贸发展的优先方向,因此,我国尤其是边境省份与西伯利亚联邦区的合作前景十分广阔。     

中国-东盟自由贸易区建设的作用和影响:基于国际政治经济学理论的分析

中国-东盟自由贸易区建设是政治与经济的互动过程,从内向视角分析,建立中国-东盟自由贸易区是中国和东盟国家国内政治、经济发展的必然需求;从外向视角分析,在经济全球化和区域经济合作不断发展的背景下,建立中国-东盟自由贸易区是中国与东盟政治、经济关系发展的必然趋势.中国-东盟自由贸易区建设推进了中国与东盟政治、经济关系的良性互动发展,引起亚太国际关系的深刻变化,促进了亚太区域合作的发展,进一步揭示了美国、日本等有关国家对华战略意图和政策目标.