The emerging literature on environmental negotiations

Book reviewed in this article:
Lawrence S. Bacow and Michael Wheeler , Environmental Dispute Resolution
Gail Bingham , Resolving Environmental Disputes: A Decade of Experience
Timothy J. Sullivan , Resolving Development Disputes Through Negotiations     

Creating the climate for conflict resolution in communities

Book reviewed in this article:
Roger Fisher and Scott Brown , Getting Together: Building Relationships that Get to YES
Susan L. Carpenter and W.J. D. Kennedy , Managing Public Disputes: A Practical Guide to Handling Conflict and reaching Agreements
Lawrence Susskind and Jeffrey Cruikshank , Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resolving Public Disputes     

Location,Location, Location…Identifying Hot spots of International Conflict

Abstract

This article introduces new variables summarizing the geographic location of Militarized Interstate Disputes (MIDs) and “hot spots” of these locations for the years 1816 to 2001. Three exercises are detailed: (1) the specification and collection of geographic location data for each MID onset; (2) the generation of static map representations of these data; and (3) the application of spatial cluster analysis techniques to examine their geographic distribution. Initially, I address the protocol followed while carrying out the first two of these steps - offering thoughts on the coding procedures and examples of the mapped representations of the data. I then detail the techniques used to conduct spatial cluster analysis. The results of these analyses confirm the apparent evidence of the mapped presentations of the data, offering evidence in support of the a priori expectation that dispute onsets are clustered in space and time; revealing apparent “hot spots” of conflict across most regions of the world. I conclude with a discussion of potential applications of this new MID location dataset.     

Grievance mediation

Conclusion In sum, grievance mediation is a highly successful alternative to labor arbitration. It shares with expedited arbitration the capacity to reduce the time and cost of arbitration, and is more likely to produce mutually acceptable outcomes than is a conference procedure in which the neutral retains decisional authority. It is also more likely than either of those procedures to improve the parties' dispute resolution ability and ultimately their entire relationship.To be sure, not all grievances can be successfully resolved through mediation. Still, its advantages are so great, and its costs so low that an effort to resolve grievances at mediation should be a required step preceding arbitration in all collective bargaining contracts. Stephen B. Goldberg is Professor of Law at Northwestern University Law School, Chicago, Ill., 60611. He is a member of the National Academy of Arbitrators and president of Mediation Research and Education Project, Inc.This article draws in substantial part on material contained in the author's recent book (with William L. Ury and Jeanne M. Brett),Getting Disputes Resolved: Designing Systems to Cut the Costs of Conflict (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1988).     

When ADR becomes the law: A review of federal practice

Conclusion With the passage of the Administrative Dispute Resolution Act, the stage was set for innovation and change in federal agencies. Now, part way into the five-year life of the Act, a new administration has the potential to encourage even wider use of ADR at the federal level, providing still more examples from which to develop a clearer sense of best practice. Additional funds, both for ACUS and individual agencies, are vital to providing the level of experimentation, innovation, and documentation needed to ensure success.MIT ProfessorLawrence E. Susskind is director of the MIT-Harvard Public Disputes Program, 512 Pound Hall, Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass. 02138.Eileen F. Babbitt is associate director of the Public Disputes Program.Phyllis N. Segal is a practicing mediator with Endispute, Incorporated.The authors would like to acknowledge the federal dispute resolution specialists who contributed greatly to our work by providing interviews and materials for this article: Cathy Costantino of FDIC; David Batson of EPA; John Settle and Ron Walczak of HHS; David Drabkin of DLA; Jim Jones of DOL; Sheldon Guttman of FCC; Charles Pou of ACUS; Jeff Domber of GSA; and Diane Liff of DOT.     

Mediating public disputes: A response to the skeptics

Conclusions There are more than 75 well-documented cases of successful dispute resolution in the public sector (and a great many more that are less well-documented). The evidence attesting to the merits of non-adjudicatory approaches to dispute resolution is mounting rapidly.While there are some public disputes that do not lend themselves to informal resolution (i.e., disputes involving fundamental freedoms or rights), many involving conflicting interests and values have proven resolvable in a win-win fashion. The most important preconditions for success have been the presence of a credible nonpartisan facilitator or mediator, parties in an undeniably interdependent situation and pressure created by a decision maker who has promised to act (using traditional decision-making methods) in the absence of a consensus. In short, given these preconditions, there are a number of good reasons to forge ahead with efforts to employ mediation and other forms of dispute resolution on a more regular basis. Lawrence Susskind is Professor of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Executive Director of the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School, Cambridge, Mass. 02138. Co-author ofResolving Environmental Regulatory Disputes (Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1984), he has served as a mediator of public disputes at the local, state and federal levels.     

Toward a negotiated order

Book reviews in this article:
Barbara Gray . Collaborating: Finding Common Ground for Multiparty Problems.
Louise Nieuwmeijer . Negotiation: Methodology and Training.
Linda R. Singer . Settling Disputes: Conflict Resolution in Business, Families, and the Legal System.     

Prelude to war: Incidence,escalation and intervention in international disputes, 1900–1976

The study provides an overview of a set of data describing the incidence and character of serious international disputes in the twentieth century. The principal findings reported include: Average annual incidence of serious international disputes has risen more than fourfold between 1900 and 1976. The underlying cause of this increase seems to be simply the increased size of the international system. The relative likelihood with which a serious dispute culminates in war is 1 in 9. However, there are definite differences in this relative frequency. Disputes involving major powers escalate to war approximately 1 in 5 times. Disputes involving only minor powers culminate in war with a likelihood of 1 in 20. Intervention in ongoing disputes increases the chance of war. The character of intervention has changed throughout the century with initiators less able to attract support and the targets of threat and force more able to do so.     

Towards a theory of inter-organizational networking

This article combines inductive and deductive theory building to identify building blocks for a theory of inter-organizational networking, a phenomenon that has gained prominence in international relations, but is largely neglected by IR scholars. Organizational and network theory are identified as the major starting points for theory building. Hypotheses are generated from the network of Euro-Atlantic security institutions, which has become the most sophisticated network of its kind since the early 1990s. The article looks specifically at the genesis of dyadic inter-organizational relations and of entire networks, at the relevance of networking for policy output and at the system effects that networks have on individual organizations. The theoretical findings are presented so as to allow a transfer to other geographical and functional areas of networking.

The art and science of mediation

Book reviewed in this article:
Jacob Bercovitch , Social Conflicts and Third Parties: Strategies of Conflict Resolution.
Jay Folberg and Alison Taylor , Mediation: A Comprehensive Guide to Resolving Conflicts Without Litigation
Deborah Kolb , The Mediators
Christopher Moore , The Mediation Process     

“The past,present, and the perhaps’ is Germany a “normal” power?

Thomas Banchoff, The German Problem Transformed. (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999).

Thomas U. Berger, Cultures of Antimilitarism: National Security in Germany and Japan. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998).

John S. Duffield, World Power Forsaken. (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1998); Christian Hacke, Die Aussenpolitik der Bundesrepublik Deutschland: Weltmacht wider Willen? 3rd ed. (Berlin: Ullstein, 1997).

Peter Katzenstein, ed., Tamed Power: Germany in Europe. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997).

Andrei Markovits and Simon Reich, The German Predicament: Memory and Power in the New Europe. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997).

Elizabeth Pond, The Rebirth of Europe. (Washington, D.C.: Brookings, 1999).

James Sperling, “Neither Hegemony nor Dominance: Reconsidering German Power in Post‐Cold War Europe,” British Journal of Political Science (forthcoming).     

Book reviews

Michael Waller, Peace, Power and Protest: Eastern Europe in the Gorbachev Era, London: Institute for the Study of Conflict, 1988 (Conflict Study No.209). Pp.27. £5.50.

Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds.), Nuclear Terrorism: Defining the Threat. Washington: Pergamon‐Brassey's, 1986. Pp.vii + 218. NP.

Paul Leventhal and Yonah Alexander (eds.), Preventing Nuclear Terrorism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1987. Pp.xviii + 472. NP.

Paul Wilkinson and Alasdair M. Stewart (eds.), Contemporary Research on Terrorism. Aberdeen: Aberdeen University Press, 1987. Pp.xx + 634. £45.

Richard E. Rubenstein, Alchemists of Revolution: Terrorism in the Modern World. New York: Basic Books, 1987. Pp.ix + 272. $17.95.

James Adams, Secret Armies. London: Hutchinson, 1988. Pp.440. £14.95.

David C. Martin and John Walcott, Best Laid Plans: The Inside Story of America's War Against Terrorism. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Pp. 392 $22.50.     

A Review of: “Joshua Alexander Geltzer. U.S. Counter-Terrorism Strategy and al-Qaeda: Signalling and the Terrorist World-View.”

Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press, 1987. Pp. xxii + 238.

Leonard Weinberg and William Lee Eubank, The Rise and Fall of Italian Terrorism. London and Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1987. Pp.155.

Robin Erica Wagner‐Pacifici, The Moro Morality Play: Terrorism as Social Drama. London and Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1986. Pp.360.

Leonardo Sciascia, The Moro Affair. London: Carcanet Press, 1987. Pp.175.     

Enlargement as a factor accelerating the transformation of the European community

Think tanks

Think tank traditions policy research and the Politics oj ideas / edited by Diane Stone and Andrew Denham. ‐ Manchester : Manchester University Press, c2004. ‐xiv, 322 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–6479–1 (pbk)

International finance

Democratizing Global Governance / edited by Esref Aksu and Joseph A. Camilleri. ‐Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, c2002. ‐ xx, 306 p. ‐ ISBN 0–333–97123‐X (pbk)

Financial stability and growth in emerging economies : the role of the financial sector / edited by Jan Joost Teunissen and Mark Teunissen. ‐ The Hague : FON‐DAD, c2003. ‐ xvi, 281 p. ‐ ISBN 90–74208–21–5

Foreign direct investment in Central and Eastern Europe / edited by Svetla Trifonova Marinova, Marin Alexandrov Marinov.‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2003. ‐ xii, 339 p. ‐ (Transition and development). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3026–9

Restructuring sovereign debt the case of ad hoc machinery / Lex Rieffel. ‐ Washington D.C. : Brookings Institutution Press, c2003

Sustaining global growth and development : G 7 and IMF governance / edited by Michele Fratianni, Paolo Savona, John J. Kirton. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2003. ‐ xxiv, 339 p. ‐ (Gobal finance series). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3529–5

Turbulent waters : cross‐border finance and international governance / Ralph C. Bryant. ‐ Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, c2003. ‐xvi, 503 p. ‐ ISBN 0–8157–0071–7

European Union

L'Europa e il mondo : la politico estera, di sicurezza e di difesa europea / Marco Clementi. ‐ Bologna : il Mulino, c2004. ‐ 222 p. ‐ (Contemporanea ; 148). ‐ISBN 88–15–09620–5

L'Europe des commissaires : réflexions sur l'identité européenne des Traités de Rome au Traité d'Amsterdam / par Bertrand Rochard. ‐Bruxelles : Etablissements Emile Bruylant, 2003. ‐ xiv, 503 p. ‐(Organisation internationale et relations internationales ; 55 ).‐ ISBN 2–8027–1723–5

The European finality debate and its national dimensions / edited by Simon Serfaty. ‐Washington: The CSIS Press, c2003. ‐xiv, 297 p. ‐ (Significant issues series).‐ ISBN 0–89206–427–7

The European Union, Mercosul and the new world order / editors Helio Jaguaribe, Alvaro de Vasconcelos. ‐ London : Frank Cass, c2003. ‐ xx, 247 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7146–8338–8

Multi‐level governance and institutional change : the Europeanization of regional policy in Italy / Enrico Gualini. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2004. ‐ (Urban and regional planning and development). ‐ ISBN 0–7546–3626–7     

Book reviews

Terrell E. Arnold, The Violence Formula: Why People Lend Sympathy and Support to Terrorism. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1988. Pp.224. £15.50 (paperback).

Richard H. Shultz, Jr., The Soviet Union and Revolutionary Warfare: Principles, Practices and Regional Comparisons. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 1988. Pp.283. NP.

Charles W. Sutherland, Disciples of Destruction: The Religious Origins of War and Terrorism. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Press, 1987. Pp.451. NP.

Maxwell Taylor, The Terrorist. London: Brassey's Defence Publishers, 1988. Pp.205. £21.95.

Marc A. Celmer, Terrorism, U.S. Strategy, and Reagan Policies. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1987. Pp.132. $29.95 (cloth).

Geoffrey M. Levitt, Democracies Against Terror: The Western Response to State‐Supported Terrorism. New York: Praeger Publishers and The Center for Strategic and International Studies, The Washington Papers/134, 1988. Pp.142. $32.95 (cloth); $9.95 (paper).

D. Michael Shafer, Deadly Paradigms: The Failure of U.S. Counterinsurgency Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1988. Pp.331. $34.50.

Charles Townshend, Britain's Civil Wars: Counterinsurgency in the Twentieth Century. London: Faber, 1986. Pp.220. £14.95.

Duncan M. Perry, The Politics of Terror: The Macedonian Revolutionary Movements, 1893–1903. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1988. Pp.257. NP.     

France and middle eastern terrorism

Pierre Péan, La Menace. Paris: Fayard, 1987. Pp.306. 95 FF (paperback).

Yves Loiseau, Le Grand Troc: Le labyrinthe des otages françaises au Liban. Paris: Hachette, 1988. Pp.332.

Marie Seurat, Les Corbeaux d'Alep. Paris: GallimardlLieu Commun, 1988. Pp.191. 89 FF (paperback).

Roger Auque (in collaboration with Patrick Forestier), Un otage à. Beyrouth. Paris: Filipacchi, 1988. Pp.303. 89 FF (paperback).

Gilles Delafon, Beyrouth: Les soldats de l'Islam. Paris: Stock, 1989. Pp.254.98 FF (paperback).     

Do it yourself: The national approach to the out‐of‐area question

European Union: Identity and international role

Birthmarks of Europe: the origins oj the European Community reconsidered / Edelgard Mahant. ‐ Ashgate : Aldershot, c2004. ‐ISBN 0–7546–1487–5

EU trade strategies : between regionalism and globalism I edited by Vinod K. Aggarwal and Edward A. Fogarty. ‐ Basingstoke : Palgrave Macmillan, c2004. ‐ xiv, 249 p. ‐ ISBN 1–4039–3258–1 (pbk)

L'Europa potenza civile / Mario Telò. ‐ Bari : Laterza, c2004. ‐ XIV, 261 p. ‐ (Libri del tempo , 358). ‐ ISBN 88420–7258–3

European Union foreign and security policy : towards a neighbourhood strategy / edited by Roland Dannreuther. ‐ London : Routledge, 2004. ‐ xiv, 226 p. ‐ ISBN 0–415–32298–7 (pbk)

Paneuropa : geografia e storia di un'idea / a cura di Gianfranco Lizza; Sergio Balanzino [et al.]. ‐ Torino : UTET, C2004. ‐ x, 230 p. ‐ ISBN 88–7750–894–9

The politics of European security / edited by Jess Pligaard. ‐ Copenhagen : Danish Institute for International Studies, C2004. ‐ 198 p. ‐ ISBN 87–7605–015–7

Who are the Europeans now? I Edward Moxon‐Browne. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c2004. ‐ viii, 202 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–429–7

China

China's role in Asia and the world economy .‐ fostering stability and growth / edited by Jan Joost Teunissen. ‐ The Hague .‐ FON‐DAD, 2003. ‐ xvi, 98 p. ‐ ISBN 90–74208–22–3

Integrating China into the global economy / Nicholas R. Lardy. ‐ Washington, D.C. : Brookings Institution Press, c2002. ‐xii, 244 p. ‐ ISBN 0–81–57–5136–2     

IAI Library notes

Building bridges : an Egypt‐U.S. free trade agreement / Ahmed Galal and Robert Z. Lawrence, editors. ‐Washington : Brookings Institution Press, c1998. ‐x, 121 p. ‐ ISBN 0–8157–3030–6

The burden of collective goodwill: the international involvement in the Liberian Civil War / Abiodun Alao. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xiv, 226 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–318–5

La crisi albanese del 1997: l'azione dell'ltalia e delle organizzazioni internazion‐ali: verso un nuovo modello di gestione delle crisi? / a cura di Andrea de Guttry e Fabrizio Pagani. ‐ Milano : Franco Angeli, c1999. ‐ 349 p. ‐ ISBN 88–464–1454–3

Dal mercato unico alla moneta unica : le politiche di integrazione dell'Unione Euro‐pea / Umberto Triulzi; prefazione di Lamberto Dini. ‐ Formello : SEAM, 1999. ‐ 848 p. ‐ (Sviluppo e competenze). ‐ ISBN 88–8179–215‐X

Democracy and development: allies or adversaries? / R.C. Bhardwaj, K. Vijayakrishnan. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 222 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–033‐X

The economics of European integration : theory, practice, policy / Willem Molle. ‐3.ed. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1997. ‐ xiv, 570 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–035–6 (pbk)

Europe: rethinking the boundaries / edited by Philomena Murray and Leslie Holmes. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 179 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–003–8

Germany, Europe and the persistence of nations : transformation, interests and identity, 1989–1996 / Stephen Wood. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ x, 381 p. ‐ISBN 1–84014–444–0

The legislator: German parliament as a centre of political decision‐making / Klaus von Beyme. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ x, 207 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–433–5

Memories of Europe's future: farewell to yesteryear / Simon Serfaty. ‐ Washington D.C. : The CSIS Press, c1999. ‐ x, 149 p. ‐ (Significant issues series). ‐ ISBN 0–89206–347–5

Multinational naval cooperation and foreign policy into the 21st century / edited by Fred W. Crickard, Paul T. Mitchell and Katherine Orr. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xxiv, 305 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85521–997–2

Perspectives on development: the Euro‐Mediterranean Partnership / edited by George Joffé. ‐ London : Frank Cass, c1999. ‐ 282 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7146–4939–2

The political economy of transition in central and eastern Europe : the light(s) at the end of the tunnel / edited by Jens Bastian. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 194 p. ‐ ISBN 1–85972–661–5

The plurality of truth: a critique of research on the state and European integration / Hanna Ojanen. ‐ Aldershot: Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xii, 377 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–402–5

Rethinking the international conflict in communist and post‐communist states: essays in honour of Miklós Molnàr / edited by Renéo Lukic. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ xiv, 175 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–476–9

Security, arms control and defence restructuring in East Asia / edited by Bjørn Møller. ‐ Aldershot : Ashgate, c1998. ‐ viii, 286 p. ‐ ISBN 1–84014–006–2

Storia del Kuwait: gli arabi, il petrolio, I'Occidente / Stefano Beltrame. ‐ Padova : CEDAM, c1999. ‐ XIV, 332 p. ‐ (Università degli studi di Padova. Dipartimento di studi internazionali ; 9). ‐ ISBN 88–13–21869–9     

Playing by Paying: International Aid to Palestine

Decision‐making in the European Community: the Council Presidency and European integration — Emil Joseph Kirchner. — Manchester : Manchester University Press, copyr.1992. ‐ ix, 165 p. ‐ ISBN 0–7190–3173–7

La dodid Europe : i paesi della Comunita di fronte ai cambiamenti del 1989–1990 — a cura di Maurizio Ferrera. — Bologna : il Mulino, copyr. 1991. — 192 p. — (Cronache internazionali. 1991) ‐ ISBN 88–15–03158–8

La nuova Europa : dalla Comunita all'Unione I Pier Virgilio Dastoli, Giancarlo Vilella. — Bologna : il Mulino, copyr. 1992. — 210 p. — (Contemporanea; 52) — ISBN 88–15–03414–5

The State of the European Community: policies, institutions &; debates in the transition years /edited by Leon Hurwitz, Christian Lequesne. — Boulder : Lynne Rienner Publishers; Harlow : Longman, 1991. ‐ xi, 475 p. ‐ ISBN 0–582–08935–2

America Latina : voglia di benessere I a cura di Giacomo Coma Pellegrini. — Bologna : il Mulino, copyr.1992. — 312 p. — (Cronache internazionali. 1992). — ISBN 88–15–03653–9

Intervention or neglect: the United States and Central America beyond the 1980s I Linda Robinson. — New York : Council on Foreign Relations, copyr.1991. — viii, 223 p. ‐ ISBN 0–87609–097–8

l paesi del Rio de la Plata : Argentina, Uruguay e Paraguay in eta contemporanea : 1865–19901 Flavio Fiorani. — Firenze : Giunti, copyr.1992. — 188 p. — (Americana : civilta e storia del continente americano). — ISBN 88–09–20241–4

Exporting conflict : international transfers of conventional arms I edited by Luciano Bozzo. — Firenze : Cultura nuova, stampa 1991. — 261 p.

Die Grunen und Liste Verdi: Sicherheitspolitische Alternativen fur Europa? / Berthold Meyer und Roberto Zadra. / Munster : Lit, 1992. — 155 p. — (Studien zur Friedensfor‐schung; Bd.3) . ‐ ISBN 3–89473–221–0

Iran 1941–1991 : dalla monarchia alia repubblica islamica : material/ esistenti nelle biblioteche di Bologna I a cura di Maria Cristina Pudioli. — Bologna : Centro Amilcar Cabral [via del Baraccano 2, 40124 BO], 1992. — 143 p. — (Ricerche bibliografiche; 8)

Kosovo : Albanesi e Serbi: le radici di un conflitto I Marco Dogo. — Lungro di Cosenza : Marco, copyr.1992. — V, 375 p. ‐ (L'ibis; 6). ‐ ISBN 88–85350–13–5

Le ultime trincee del comunismo nel rnondo : Asia major 1992 I a cura di Giorgio Borsa. — Bologna : il Mulino, copyr.1992. — 305p. — (Cronache internazionali. 1992). ‐ ISBN 88–15–03654–7     

What really happened at Paris?

Lloyd E. Ambrosius, Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987. £27.50.

British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from The Foreign Office Confidential Print (General Editors K. Bourne and D. Cameron Watt). Part II. From the First to the Second World War. Series I. The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 (ed.) M. Dockrill, Vols. 1–7. University Publications of America, 1989. $1050 (14 vols).

Bruce Kent, The Spoils of War. The Politics, Economics and Diplomacy of Reparations 1918–1932, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989. £40.

F.S. Northedge, The League of Nations: Its Life and Times 1920–1946, Leicester: Leicester University Press, paperback edition, 1988, £12.95.

Klaus Schwabe, Woodrow Wilson, Revolutionary Germany, and Peace‐making, 1918–1919: Missionary Diplomacy and the Realities of Power. Translated from the German by Rita and Robert Kimber, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1985. $40.

Arthur Walworth, Wilson and His Peacemakers: American Diplomacy at the Paris Peace Conference, 1919, New York: Norton, 1986 £24.75.