利用脉冲点火器引爆黑火药1例

１案例简介某１８日，南宁市某医院车库内发生一起爆炸案，爆炸后伴有起火现象。勘查现场提取到：乳白色塑料排污管两截及碎片若干（有烧焦痕迹）；电路板一块（已烧焦）；１．５及１５伏干电池各一节；白色玻璃碎片若干、白色医用６号胶塞一只（胶塞上插有两截裸露铜线及一截火柴梗残段）；导线数根；炸药残留物若干。检验：（１）炸药外包装：塑料排污管及白色玻璃瓶。（２）炸药种类：爆炸威力较小，且爆炸后伴有燃烧现象，化验检出黑火药成分。（３）起爆装置：电路板上有高压包、电容、三极管等残留物，经检验后确定其为燃气热水器上的…     

三种典型爆炸装置的剖析

近年来,利用爆炸或爆炸装置进行杀人、伤害、敲诈勒索等案件时有发生。通过现场勘查、理化检验及爆炸装置复原,发现这些涉及爆炸案件中的炸药一般为岩石硝铵炸药(含硝铵、梯恩梯)、乳化炸药(含硝铵)、氯酸盐炸药和黑火药。因为来源相对容易,如从鞭炮中获取等原因,较为多见的为二种氯酸盐炸药,一是含氯酸钾、硫磺、铝粉或铝镁合金粉,二是含氯酸钾、硫磺、炭粉。而爆炸装置的引爆方式有导火索直接点火引爆,如“1998.2.14.武汉长江大桥公共汽车爆炸案”;导火索延时点火引爆,如“1998.5.10.轿车爆炸案”;BP机遥控点火引爆,如“2000.8.29.武昌天…     

利用水暖件自制“土雷”爆作案1例

１案例简介１９９９年１１月１３日上午７时４０分，黑龙江省牡丹江某林场的人工林里发生一爆炸案，当场炸死一女工，伤一人。爆炸现场位于林班内，几十米的范围内散落被炸碎的人体组织和树木碎屑，有的碎片上可见灰色烟熏痕迹，死亡女工左胸被炸形成１０cm×１０cm的缺失区，左臂被炸残缺，尸体上共检出３００余块金属弹片，利用金属探测器在现场周围也找到一些碎金属弹片。经检验，弹片表面断口整齐，无毛刺，有铸铁成分，其中一枚弹片上隐约可见螺丝扣纹。综合分析后确定，被害人左手接触到了爆炸装置，炸药是硝铵炸药，爆炸装置是水暖件…     

爆炸装置外壳及填充物飞溅规律的研究

爆炸装置的填充物和外壳受爆炸力的作用,炸碎后的碎片通常被抛掷在炸点的周围,填充物和外壳残渣抛掷的越远,爆炸装置的威力越大,对介质的毁损程度也越大,为了研究爆炸装置外壳及填充物飞溅规律,笔者作了如下实验:1实验用爆炸装置的制作铵锑炸药在日常工作中容易接触到,是当前涉爆案件及爆炸事故现场常见的炸药类型。外包装:日常生活中所使用的油漆桶、饮料罐等金属包装物常采用的厚度在0.1mm至0.5mm之间的金属板材制造,根据点爆实验证明用厚度在0.1mm至0.5mm之间的金属板材制造爆炸装置的外包装,其包装物的厚度对爆炸损毁力的影响可忽略不计…     

炸点尸体的鉴别

可爆物质爆炸时 ,释放能量所造成的人体损伤 ,称为爆炸伤。爆炸伤是火器伤的一种 ,可因爆炸直接引起人体损伤 ,也可因爆炸间接致人体损伤。炸药的种类及距炸点的距离等因素的不同所造成损伤的程度、形态等也会有所差异。爆炸伤战时常见。平时也有人利用爆炸做为一种恐怖手段 ,进行报复、谋杀和自杀。爆炸可分为化学性爆炸（多由各种炸药引起）和物理性爆炸（如锅炉、高压钢瓶及电视机显像管等爆炸）。本文介绍的爆炸伤主要指化学性爆炸引起的损伤［１，２］。爆炸发生后应及时进行现场勘查 ,确定爆炸物和爆炸方式。爆炸所致损伤往往范围较大…     

气体爆炸现场特征

近年来，可燃气体爆炸的事故和利用可燃气体实施爆炸犯罪的案件越来越多，虽然气体爆炸与凝聚相炸药爆炸同属化学爆炸，但两者的表现形式却有所不同，完全照搬炸药爆炸的理论及其规律应用于气体爆炸现场的勘查失于片面，因此，有必要从理论上对气体爆炸做更全面深入的研究。本文在气体爆炸理论的基础上，结合多年来勘查此类现场的实践，对气体爆炸现场的特征进行探讨，以便在环境和条件发生变化时，更准确、全面地勘查和分析现场。１气体爆炸机理当可燃气体或可燃液体的挥发性气体与空气按一定的比例混合，遇火源即发生爆炸，其机理可用热点…     

河北云山化工集团有限公司

河北云山化工集团有限公司是国家工业和信息部民爆器材定点生产企业，始建于1965年，公司占地面积260万平方米，资产总额3．5亿元．现有员工2000余名，其中各类专业技术人员500余名.主要生产工业炸药（各种类型岩石和煤矿用膨化硝铵炸药、乳化炸药等）、塑料导爆索、导爆管雷管、工业氯酸钾、工业硝酸钾等产品。     

人体器官肺的体积、密度检测及其医学和法医学意义

目的积累不同种族人体器官组织体积和密度的基本数据。为病理学和法医学尸检提供简便、可靠的诊断方法。方法应用电子智能化体积-密度仪,同步检测正常人及各种疾病死者肺的质量、体积、密度。结果获得正常肺和不同程度弥漫性肺水肿病变器官体积和组织密度;在2例医源性循环超负荷和水中毒案件的法医病理学鉴定中,用肺密度值证实了常规病理组织学形态不典型的严重低渗性肺水肿。结论大体检测器官密度对尸体解剖的综合病理诊断具有一定的辅助意义。     

乳化炸药爆炸残留物分析

目的 探讨乳化炸药爆炸案件中导致爆炸残留物中铵根离子、硝酸根离子含量偏低的原因。方法 通过实际爆炸案例分析,实地了解乳化炸药制造工艺,采用离子色谱法检验爆炸案件及爆炸实验提取的残留物中铵根离子和硝酸根离子成分含量。通过与空白样本对比,分析导致乳化炸药爆炸残留物中铵根离子、硝酸根离子含量降低的原因。结果 经过生产工艺改进的乳化炸药爆炸后,其残留物中检出硝酸根和铵根离子的含量没有明显高于现场空白样本。结论 通过考察分析、对比检验,发现生产工艺改进是导致乳化炸药爆炸残留物中铵根离子和硝酸根离子含量偏低的原因。针对这一问题,本文提出了一些相应的解决方案。     

爆炸冲击波作用下液体抛撒二次破碎的实验研究

本文采用高速摄影的方法拍摄了不同实验条件下液体抛撒的实验图片，实验结果表明：爆炸冲击波作用下液体颗粒产生二次破碎需一定的条件，不同的因素如液体密度、装盛液体量、装药量、表面张力等对液体抛撒二次破碎都产生显著影响。     

The identification of the emulsifier component of emulsion explosives by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry

ABSTRACT: The widespread availability of emulsion explosives for commercial blasting has inevitably lead to their diversion for criminal misuse. Present techniques for the characterization of emulsion explosives and their residues is generally based on the detection and identification of the oxidizer and the hydrocarbon components. Use of these components is problematic for residue identification because ammonium nitrate, waxes, and oils are relatively common in the urban environment and even their co-detection does not exclude them being sourced from materials other than explosives. The detection of the emulsifier component offers increased evidential value as certain emulsifiers used in explosive formulations are manufactured for that specific use, or have limited environmental distribution. In the current study liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was utilized for the characterization of two emulsifiers in common use; ethanolamine adducts of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride and sorbitol mono-oleate (SMO). The LC-MS technique enabled the detection of both emulsifiers in preblast samples; however, only SMO was detected in postblast residues. The analysis of the hydrocarbon component by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was achieved in the same procedure.     

Transfer of nitroglycerine to hands during contact with commercial explosives

The techniques of thin-layer chromatography, gas chromatography with electron capture detection, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were used to analyze hand swab extracts for the presence of nitroglycerine. Both the amount of nitroglycerine transferred to the hands after handling commercial explosives and its persistence were measured. Gas chromatography-electron capture detection was found to be the most accurate and sensitive technique for making such determinations, especially if the extract was partially purified by thin-layer chromatography prior to analysis. The lowest limit of detection was 10 ng of nitroglycerine, and residues could be detected over 20 h after handling the raw explosive.     

Study of the adhesion of explosive residues to the finger and transfer to clothing and luggage

It is important to understand the extent of transfer of explosive particles to different surfaces in order to better evaluate potential cross-contamination by explosives in crowded security controls such as those at airports. This work investigated the transfer of nine explosive residues (ANFO, dynamite, black powder, TNT, HMTD, PETN, NH₄NO₃, KNO₃, NaClO₃) through fingerprints from one surface to another. First, the extent of adhesion of explosive residues from different surfaces to the bare finger, nitrile and latex gloves was studied. Then, the transfer of explosive residues from one surface to another through fingerprints was investigated. Cotton fabric (hereinafter referred to as cotton) as clothing material and polycarbonate plastic (hereinafter referred to as polycarbonate) as luggage material were chosen for the experiments. These surfaces containing explosive particles were imaged using a reflex camera before and after the particles were transferred. Afterwards the images were processed in MATLAB where pixels corresponding to explosive residues were quantified. Results demonstrated that transfer of explosive residues frequently occurred with certain differences among materials. Generally, the amount of explosive particles adhered to the finger decreased in the following order: skin>latex>nitrile, while the transfer of particles from the finger to another surface was the opposite. The adhesion of explosive residues from polycarbonate to the finger was found to be better compared to cotton, while the amount of particles transferred to cotton was higher.     

Particle characteristics of trace high explosives: RDX and PETN

The sizes of explosives particles in fingerprint residues produced from C-4 and Semtex-1A were investigated with respect to a fragmentation model. Particles produced by crushing crystals of RDX and PETN were sized by using scanning electron microscopy, combined with image analysis, and polarized light microscopy was used for imaging and identifying explosive particles in fingerprint residues. Crystals of RDX and PETN fragment in a manner that concentrates mass in the largest particles of the population, which is common for a fragmentation process. Based on the fingerprints studied, the particle size to target for improving mass detection in fingerprint residues by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is > or = 10 microm in diameter. Although particles smaller than 10 microm in diameter have a higher frequency, they constitute < 20% of the total mass. Efforts to improve collection efficiency of explosives particles for detection by IMS, or other techniques, must take into consideration that the mass may be concentrated in a relatively few particles that may not be homogeneously distributed over the fingerprint area. These results are based on plastic-bonded explosives such as C-4 that contain relatively large crystals of explosive, where fragmentation is the main process leading to the presence of particles in the fingerprint residues.     

Detection and Identification of Explosive Particles in Fingerprints Using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectromicroscopy

Abstract:  The application of attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectromicroscopy for detection of explosive particles in fingerprints is described. The combined functions of ATR-FTIR spectromicroscopy are visual searching of particles in fingerprints and measuring the FTIR spectra of the particles. These functions make it possible to directly identify whether a suspect has handled explosives from the fingerprints alone. Particles in explosive contaminated fingerprints are either ingredients of the explosives, finger residues, or other foreign materials. These cannot normally be discriminated by their morphology alone. ATR-FTIR spectra can provide both particle morphology and composition. Fingerprints analyzed by ATR-FTIR can be used for further analysis and identification because of its non-destructive character. Fingerprints contaminated with three different types of explosives, or potential explosives, have been analyzed herein. An infrared spectral library was searched in order to identify the explosive residues. The acquired spectra are compared to those of finger residue alone, in order to differentiate such residue from explosive residue.     

Analysis of hydrogen peroxide field samples by HPLC/FD and HPLC/ED in DC mode

The goal of this paper is to describe applications of two recently developed HPLC methods for the analysis and confirmation of the presence of hydrogen peroxide residues in field studies. The procedure utilizes two different HPLC systems, one with post-column derivatization followed by fluorescence detection (HPLC/FD), and the other with electrochemical detection (HPLC/ED). The two systems were utilized to detect hydrogen peroxide in a variety of typical forensic samples including pre- and post-blast samples, as well as a series of environmental control samples. Peroxide-based organic explosives were also examined due to their propensity to produce peroxide residues following detonation. Because samples collected from post-blast scenes are frequently shipped or stored prior to analysis, the effects of storage time, temperature and type of substrate material on the recovery of hydrogen peroxide residues were also investigated. The combined results of the study demonstrate the capability of two HPLC approaches with selective detection in the analysis and investigation of suspected incidents involving peroxide based explosives.     

Optimization of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) for the recovery of explosives from aqueous and post-explosion debris followed by gas and liquid chromatographic analysis

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) has been evaluated for the recovery of explosives residues from aqueous samples and real post-explosion solid debris samples and optimized using gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC-ECD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC-UV). A modified SPME/HPLC interface utilizing dual six-port valves allowed for independent optimization of SPME desorption and injection variables that provided improved chromatographic resolution and sensitivity. A unique combination of cyano and octadecyl columns resulted in the complete separation of the 14 explosives in EPA method 8330 mixture using HPLC with good quantitative results. At the optimum SPME conditions, the limits of detection (LOD) were found to be of 5 ng/mL to 16 ng/mL of explosives in water and 10 microg/kg to 40 microg/kg of explosives from soil. The technique has been successfully applied to the analysis of real post-explosion debris and can be adapted for use in the field utilizing portable chromatographic instruments.     

Systematic analysis of explosive residues.

A scheme for systematic analysis of explosive residues is presented and demonstrated by test explosions using commercial, military, and homemade explosives. The significance of reaction product identification is demonstrated.     

A Comparison of Common Swabbing Materials for the Recovery of Organic and Inorganic Explosive Residues

The efficiency of solvent based extraction methods used to remove explosive residues from four different swab types was investigated. Known amounts of organic and inorganic residues were spiked onto a swab surface with acetonitrile or ethanol:water combined with ultrasonication or physical manipulation used to extract the residues from each swab. The efficiency of each procedure was then calculated using liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detection for organic residues and ion chromatography for inorganic residues. Results indicated that acetonitrile combined with physical agitation proved to be the most efficient method; returning analyte recoveries c. 95% for both alcohol based swabs and cotton balls. Inorganic residues were efficiently extracted using ethanol:water, while the use of acetonitrile followed by water significantly reduced the recovery of inorganic residues. Swab storage conditions were then investigated with results indicating decreased storage temperatures are required to retain the more volatile explosives.     

Selective detection of trace nitroaromatic, nitramine, and nitrate ester explosive residues using a three-step fluorimetric sensing process: a tandem turn-off, turn-on sensor

Detection of trace quantities of explosive residues plays a key role in military, civilian, and counter-terrorism applications. To advance explosives sensor technology, current methods will need to become cheaper and portable while maintaining sensitivity and selectivity. The detection of common explosives including trinitrotoluene (TNT), cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine, cyclotetramethylene-tetranitramine, pentaerythritol tetranitrate, 2,4,6-trinitrophenyl-N-methylnitramine, and trinitroglycerin may be carried out using a three-step process combining "turn-off" and "turn-on" fluorimetric sensing. This process first detects nitroaromatic explosives by their quenching of green luminescence of polymetalloles (lambda em approximately 400-510 nm). The second step places down a thin film of 2,3-diaminonaphthalene (DAN) while "erasing" the polymetallole luminescence. The final step completes the reaction of the nitramines and/or nitrate esters with DAN resulting in the formation of a blue luminescent traizole complex (lambda(em) = 450 nm) providing a "turn-on" response for nitramine and nitrate ester-based explosives. Detection limits as low as 2 ng are observed. Solid-state detection of production line explosives demonstrates the applicability of this method to real world situations. This method offers a sensitive and selective detection process for a diverse group of the most common high explosives used in military and terrorist applications today.