Gamson's Law and voters’ perceptions of portfolio allocation

The assignment of ministerial portfolios to parties is one of the most contested and consequential processes in coalition politics. Accordingly, a great deal of scholarship has investigated how many portfolios different parties obtain in coalition negotiations as well as which parties are assigned which portfolios. However, to our knowledge, no one has ever examined how voters perceive the outcomes of this process – perceptions which must be fundamental to any assessment of policy responsibility in systems with coalition government. This article uses original survey data from four Western European countries to examine voter perceptions of the distribution of cabinet portfolios across parties. In addition to describing the extent to which voters know this distribution, the article also examines whether their perceptions are consistent with a number of different heuristics that voters might use to infer characteristics of the cabinet portfolio distribution. The results suggest that many voters use party role and size heuristics to infer the number of portfolios allocated to different parties as well as an ‘importance rule’, a ‘topical affinity rule’ and a ‘historical regularity rule’ to infer which parties hold which portfolios, but also that a significant number of voters have direct knowledge (not inferred using heuristics) of which parties hold which ministries.     

国际法中的时际法规则

国际法中的时际法遵循法律无溯及力原则,即处理国际法中的时际法应遵循"法律事实应以与之同时的法律判断原则";但在具体适用该原则时,应该对权利产生时的法律和权利存续时的法律这两者之间做出区分,产生一个权利的行为受该权利产生时所适用的法律支配;按照同一原则,权利的存在,应当依循法律的演进所要求的一些条件。在争端解决时应以关键日期时的国际法和事实为依据。