未成年犯社区矫正分析

社区矫正在预防和控制未成年人犯罪方面具有十分重要的地位和作用,符合未成年犯的心理特征,有利于克服监禁刑的弊端,有利于和发达国家的刑罚模式接轨。我国社会主义的刑事政策、社会主义的法律体系以及日趋完善的社区和健全的司法行政体系资源为未成年犯罪人适用社区矫正提供了现实可能性。针对我国未成年犯社区矫正工作中存在的问题,笔者认为,更新行刑观念、对社区矫正进行科学定位、建立专门的社区矫正机构、配备专业的矫正人员、建立适合未成年人特点的社区矫正项目以及建立未成年犯社区矫正制度的评估体系是对未成年犯社区矫正制度完善的重要举措。     

论我国未成年犯社区矫正制度之完善

未成年犯社区矫正是一个国家未成年人刑罚制度中重要的组成部分,它的发展状况能反映该国家的刑罚制度的文明程度。未成年犯社区矫正作为一种新型的处理未成年犯的刑罚制度,在对未成年犯人的刑罚惩罚中起到越来越重要的作用。未成年犯社区矫作为一种人道、有效、经济的未成年犯罪惩罚机制,在一定程度上降低了行刑的成本,缓解了监狱拥挤压力,增强了行刑的实际效果,更有利于达到刑罚的真正目的。     

论我国未成年人社区矫正体系的构建——以刑事一体化为视角

我国目前的社区矫正只适用于被法院判定有罪的人。基于未成年人的主体特征,对于未成年犯的社区矫正体系不应仅仅局限于法院审判阶段的监禁刑替代措施和审判后的非监禁刑罚执行,还应将审判前的侦查及起诉阶段纳入到社区矫正的适用范围,即以刑事一体化为视角构建未成年犯的社区矫正体系。     

未成年犯社区矫正及其法律监督

社区矫正是与监禁矫正相对应的行刑方式。目前,我国已经开始了社区矫正的试点工作,而社区矫正对象很大一部分是未成年犯,因此开展对未成年犯社区矫正法律监督的研究,不但可以保障社区矫正工作的有效开展,同时也可以达到有效保护未成年犯合法权益的目的。笔者对未成年犯社区矫正的必要性、可行性等问题进行了分析,并提出了对未成年犯社区矫正进行法律监督的途径和方法。     

未成年人犯罪社区矫正制度研究北大核心

作为对未成年犯处遇的一种特殊方法,未成年犯的社区矫正在许多国际公约中都有明确的规定,并且,世界许多国家和地区也都颁布了相应的法律法规,从而形成了未成年犯社区矫正的司法体系。我国未成年犯社区矫正工作起步较晚,缺乏适合未成年犯特点的社区矫正项目,缺乏对未成年犯矫正的专门机关及其工作人员,社区矫正措施过于形式化,社区矫正缺乏统一标准,社会各界配合不强。因此,推进我国未成年犯社区矫正制度的完善,需要完善机构设置,完善社区矫正运行机制,建立专业矫正队伍,设立多种矫正措施并加大考验力度,落实未成年犯案底消灭制度,构建有效完备的矫正评估制度和标准。     

未成年人犯罪社区矫正制度研究

作为对未成年犯处遇的一种特殊方法,未成年犯的社区矫正在许多国际公约中都有明确的规定,并且,世界许多国家和地区也都颁布了相应的法律法规,从而形成了未成年犯社区矫正的司法体系。我国未成年犯社区矫正工作起步较晚,缺乏适合未成年犯特点的社区矫正项目,缺乏对未成年犯矫正的专门机关及其工作人员,社区矫正措施过于形式化,社区矫正缺乏统一标准,社会各界配合不强。因此,推进我国未成年犯社区矫正制度的完善,需要完善机构设置,完善社区矫正运行机制,建立专业矫正队伍,设立多种矫正措施并加大考验力度,落实未成年犯案底消灭制度,构建有效完备的矫正评估制度和标准。     

建立未成年犯区别矫正制度的思考

未成年犯在生理、心理、认知模式上都与成年犯有很大的区别,导致未成年犯社区矫正除具有社区矫正的共性之外,还具有区别于成年犯社区矫正的特点。为此,许多国家已采取了专门适用于未成年犯的社区矫正管理制度和模式,有专门的未成年犯社区矫正管理机构和不同于成年人的专业化管理人员。但是,目前我国试点省市中基本上没有确立适合未成年犯特点的社区矫正管理制度。这样不加选择地与成年犯混同操作,既不利于提高对未成年犯的矫正质量,又影响了社区矫正工作的效率。因此,针对未成年人的心理和生理特点,完善未成年犯社区矫正措施,建立适合未成年…     

未成年犯社区矫正中的法律主体研究

我国的社区矫正对未成年犯问题没有真正作出制度性安排。社区矫正的制度框架中必须包含对未成年犯的专门设计。社区矫正中法律主体的资格认定可归依到对利益的判断与考量。未成年犯社区矫正中法律主体的体系应包括矫正对象未成年犯、矫正主体国家、社会、家庭。未成年犯社区矫正法律主体行为框架的设计,须考虑未成年犯矫正目标与制度属性之互动。     

论未成年犯与社区矫正

社区矫正自2003年7月在我国开展试点以来，取得了辉煌的成果，得到了社会的好评，但作为社区矫正重要对象的未成年犯却并未得到重视，无论是从对未成年犯开展社区矫正的认识上，还是从未成年犯社区矫正的人数以及开展社区矫正的方式、方法上，都不尽如人意。这有悖于对未成年犯“教育、感化、挽救”等方针政策，更不利于对未成年犯重新社会化。为此，本文从未成年犯适用社区矫正的必要性、可行性、现状、存在的问题及如何构建未成年犯社区矫正制度方面予以了阐述。     

试论未成年犯社区矫正机制的构建

社区矫正是预防未成年人犯罪行之有效的行刑社会化方式，符合对未成年犯行刑的非刑事化、非监禁化和轻刑化的国际发展趋势。因此，我国应将重点放在对未成年犯的社区矫正机制的构建上。具体来说，应从以下四个方面予以考虑，即树立对未成年犯适用社区矫正的理念；建立、健全社区矫正立法；设立专门的社区矫正机构；细化对未成年犯适用社区矫正的措施。     

Chinese administrative justice system: Its malpractice and possible reform

The arbitrary detention through coercive administrative measures in the past years is widely regarded as a major source of undermining the justice of law in China. Based on examining the deficiencies of Chinese administrative justice system, it explores the likelihood of community corrections in treating minor offenders in lieu of existing administrative detentions. Further, it concludes that a Chinese community correction system in the context of legal culture can be gradually shaped, leading to a radically social transformation, and ultimately producing a significant effect on the improvement of the rights of offenders who are accused of committing administrative misbehaviors.     

完善我国未成年犯社区矫正制度的思考

我国的未成年犯社区矫正还处在摸索阶段，许多制度尚未完善，需要根据我国的具体国情以及借鉴外国的先进经验，从矫正执行主体、矫正项目、立法等三个方面入手，探索完善我国未成年犯社区矫正制度。     

美国社区矫正体制的中间制裁制度

美国社区矫正体制的中间制裁制度始兴于20世纪80年代,是一种惩罚程度介于监狱监禁和传统的缓刑、假释之间的社区化行刑方式。作为社区矫正罪犯数量增加和社区公共安全保障的妥协产物,具有一定惩罚性的中间制裁主要包括严密的缓刑和假释监督、住宅禁闭与电子监控、军训式矫正中心、日报告中心、返回社区训练所、日罚金和社区服务等类型,以分层控制体系实现保障社区安全和改造罪犯的双重目的。各种制裁措施的适用依据是罪犯的罪行严重程度、矫治和服务需要。中间制裁的应用取得了一定成效,但也引发了一些问题。     

论“放小”的刑事政策

刑罚并非万能，而是有其局限和天然的流弊。刑罚的目的、功能以及成本决定了刑罚的使用应是谨慎的、谦抑的，有边界的，尤其是对于轻微的刑事犯罪、无被害人犯罪、偶发犯等更是如此。基于对刑罚的限度与局限的认识，刑事政策上，在“抓大”的同时，我们还必须“放小”，即对于不需台或矫治有可能的犯罪／犯罪人实行宽松的刑事政策，即非犯罪化、非刑罚化与非机构化的“放小”的刑事政策。     

Criminal history and social disadvantage as predictors of the severity of violent offending

ABSTRACT

Lethal violence is often seen as the tip of the iceberg and homicide perpetrators are seen as manifesting the most extreme number of various risk factors. This article explores whether that is the case. Using a unique data set combining data from several administrative registers with a nationally representative sample of different types of police-reported violence committed during 2010–2011 (N = 26,303 offenders) in Finland, we compare the offenders of five different types of violence (minor assault, assault, aggravated assault, attempted homicide, and completed homicide). In addition, we examine the association between the severity of violence and prior criminal history and different types of strain. The results give partial support to the hypothesis: the more serious the violence, the more crime prone and socially disadvantaged the offender. Yet, lethal offenders do not stand out alone; the division, rather, appears to be between offenders of serious (aggravated assault, attempted homicide, completed homicide) and less serious (minor assault, assault) forms of violence.     

The use of pornography during the commission of sexual offenses

The goal of this study was to examine the use of pornographic materials by sex offenders during the commission of their crimes. A sample of 561 sex offenders was examined. There were 181 offenders against children, 144 offenders against adults, 223 incest offenders, 8 exhibitionists, and 5 miscellaneous cases. All but four cases were men. A total of 96 (17%) offenders had used pornography at the time of their offenses. More offenders against children than against adults used pornography in the offenses. Of the users, 55% showed pornographic materials to their victims and 36% took pictures, mostly of child victims. Nine cases were involved in the distribution of pornography. Results showed that pornography plays only a minor role in the commission of sexual offenses, however the current findings raise a major concern that pornography use in the commission of sexual crimes primarily involved child victims.     

社区矫正的安全价值及其实现

社区矫正蕴涵重要的安全价值。它一方面通过疏散监狱人口、激发罪犯的改造动力促进了监狱的安全,另一方面通过加强对罪犯的社会控制、促进罪犯人格的改善维护了社会的安全。为充分实现这一价值,首先要完善社区矫正危险管理体系,以避免罪犯违法犯罪行为的发生;其次采取行之有效的矫正方案,促进罪犯心理、行为的良性发展;再次要着力解决罪犯的生活困难,以产生长久的安全效应。     

The Gender Gap in Sex Offender Punishment

This paper tests theoretical arguments that suggest court actors hold gendered views of sex offenders that result in a gender gap in sex offender punishment, where women who commit sexual offenses are treated more leniently than their male counterparts. We test this argument with precision matching analyses using 15 years of data on all felony sex offenders sentenced in a single state. Results indicate that gender disparities in sex offender sentencing exist and are pervasive across sex offense types. Specifically, male sex offenders are more likely to be sentenced to prison, and given longer terms, than female sex offenders. Findings are similar across sex offense severity and whether the offense involved a minor victim. These findings suggest that female sex offenders are treated more leniently than their matched male counterparts, even in instances of more serious sex offenses and those involving minor victims. Findings support theoretical arguments that contend that court decision-making is influenced by legally-irrelevant characteristics and raise questions about the source of gendered views of sex offenders and their effects on punishment approaches. Findings also raise questions about the virtue of get-tough sentencing policies that provide leeway for such dramatic variation across different groups of people.     

Validating Program Fidelity: Lessons from the Delaware County Second Chance Initiatives

Reentry programming for offenders has increased considerably since the passage of the Second Chance Act in 2008. This study presents findings from the implementation and process phases of a multi-stage program evaluation of two Second Chance Act funded initiatives in Delaware County, Ohio. Two distinct programs, one for offenders diagnosed with co-occurring mental health and substance abuse disorders and another for substance dependent offenders with minor children, were examined using a mixed-methodological research design incorporating process and outcome phases. Process findings focus on determinations of program fidelity and adherence to evidence-based practices. Discussion centers on the role of process evaluation in assessments of intervention effectiveness and the importance of establishing program fidelity prior to outcome analysis.     

A Family Affair: The Juvenile Court and Family Violence Cases

Little attention has been devoted to studies of adolescent family violence offending, yet research on adult populations show that victim relationship may make a difference in how offenders are treated in the criminal justice system. Given that the intergenerational transmission of violence may operate through adolescent family violence, a detailed examination of these youth is warranted. Through an analysis of detained youth in a small northeastern state, this study examines differences in court treatment between family and non-family offenders. Family violence offenders are significantly more likely to be minor offenders and to be female than are non-family offenders. Results of logistic regression show that, all else being equal, family violence youth are treated more leniently by the court than non-family offenders. Finally, while most youth are released to community dispositions, there are no differences in court-ordered family counseling between family and non-family offenders. These findings point to areas of needed research on adolescent family violence offenders and larger policy questions about how such youth should be treated relative to other youth. A previous version of this paper was presented at the 2003 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Denver, CO.