利用共振峰相对强度特性鉴别双胞胎语音

话者鉴别的一个基本前提是“个体间的语音差异大于个体的语音变异”。本文对30对双胞胎正常朗读语音的共振峰强度特性进行了定量测量、比较、分析,统计得出了共振峰相对强度特性在检验双胞胎语音中的置信度与判阈。     

从话者识别角度认识山西汾城方言的紧喉音节

目的明确山西汾城方言紧喉音节与对应普通话音节在司法话者识别时的可比性及该紧喉音的声学特性。方法利用VS-99语音工作站对山西汾城方言紧喉音节及对应普通话音节的韵律特性、音质特性等声学特性进行定性与定量分析。结果得出了汾城方言紧喉音的发声态主要为嘎裂声,汾城方言紧喉音对声母没有明显影响,紧喉音韵母与普通话韵母在共振峰频率上的一致性要远高于共振峰相对强度上的一致性等认识。结论为在汾城方言与普通话之间进行司法话者识别以及田野调查提供了依据。     

从话者识别角度认识山西汾城方言的紧喉音节

目的 明确山西汾城方言紧喉音节与对应普通话音节在司法话者识别时的可比性及该紧喉音的声学特性.方法 利用VS-99语音工作站对山西汾城方言紧喉音节及对应普通话音节的韵律特性、音质特性等声学特性进行定性与定量分析.结果 得出了汾城方言紧喉音的发声态主要为嘎裂声,汾城方言紧喉音对声母没有明显影响,紧喉音韵母与普通话韵母在共振峰频率上的一致性要远高于共振峰相对强度上的一致性等认识.结论 为在汾城方言与普通话之间进行司法话者识别以及田野调查提供了依据.     

伪装语音的自动话者识别研究

本文以语音自动话者识别系统为平台,对实际案件中出现频率较高的10种伪装语音类型进行自动话者识别测试。通过对20位发音人的正常语音和10种类型伪装语音的话者辨认和话者确认测试,分析不同语音伪装类型对自动话者识别的影响。该结果对于深入认识伪装语音的特性及其话者识别研究具有重要意义,也为自动话者识别技术的改进提供了参考。     

长时共振峰分布特征在声纹鉴定中的应用

目的利用长时共振峰分布特征区分不同发音人。方法以汉语普通话为语料,对20位男性发音人和20位女性发音人的前四条共振峰的长时分布情况进行了统计比较分析。结果发现各长时共振峰分布的均值、中位数、众数、峰数、峰度和斜度等参数能够反映出不同发音人的个性特征,稳定性较强。前四条长时共振峰的分布结构比较均匀,由此推测在语料足够长的情况下,所有元音平均后的结果应该是一个类似央元音的＂音＂。结论利用长时共振峰分布特征可以较好地区分不同发音人。     

利用线性预测谱LPC对元音区别力量化分析的研究

本研究利用LPC对10位发音人的正常单元音相同声调（a、o、e、i、u、ü）进行识别测试,进一步探讨LPC提取出来的各个参数对于区分说话人的作用。提取元音最平稳的一段进行长时LPC分析,分析不同人的语声声纹差异性和同一人语声声纹的总体特殊性。结果显示,每个话者的自身差异都明显小于话者之间的差异。因此利用LPC提取元音的共振峰振幅与相邻弱谷幅值之差对比分析对话者具有有效区别力。     

白噪声不同信噪比对语音基音和共振峰的影响研究

目的研究不同强度白噪声对语音特征提取的影响,总结变化规律,为带噪语音的声纹鉴定提供参考。方法对TIMIT连续语音语料库中的录音样本加载不同强度白噪声,使用语音工作站提取纯净语音、不同信噪比带噪语音的基频、共振峰,研究分析白噪声对语音特征参数的影响。结果低噪环境下,语音共振峰相对稳定,增大噪声强度,共振峰出现偏移或者无法检出现象;各阶共振峰抗噪能力不同,低阶共振峰抗噪声能力强,稳定度高,高阶共振峰抗噪能力弱,稳定性差,低阶共振峰抗噪能力优于高阶共振峰;基音在各种噪声强度下稳定度高,具备较强鲁棒性。结论信噪比降低会引起共振峰频率偏移,甚至丢失共振峰;噪声对高阶共振峰影响大于低阶共振峰;基频在噪声环境下具备较高的抗干扰能力,声纹鉴定中应重点分析噪声对语音特征的影响。     

辨证认识话者自动识别系统

为了警示近年来我国司法话者识别领域中出现的一些崇外、盲目追求快速与省事的苗头,结合话者自动识别系统的研究、应用状况,从语音的共性与个性、话者识别结果的相对性与绝对性出发,通过分析比对话者自动识别与语音识别所用的特征参数及实现过程,辨证分析了制约话者自动识别系统准确率的根本原因。指出了话者自动识别系统尚无法达到人们对其的期望,以及适合于司法诉讼领域的话者自动识别系统的发展方向。     

正常人短音AEP反应阈与主观听阈之间关系的研究

目的研究正常听力受试者的纯音主观听阈、短音主观听阈和短音AEP反应阈三者之间的关系,旨在达到通过短音AEP反应阈评估不同频率纯音听阈的目的。方法选择主观检查配合的正常听力受试者40名(80耳),依次测试1000Hz、500Hz、2000Hz和4000Hz四个频率的纯音主观听阈、短音主观听阈和短音AEP反应阈。结果用短音诱发AEP时,在四个测试频率上,均可见一个正相波,其潜伏期在7~15ms之间,平均潜伏期在10ms左右,我们命名为P10。在500Hz、1000Hz、2000Hz和4000Hz四个频率上,短音P10波反应阈与纯音主观听阈之差的均值和标准差分别为23.38±10.09、23.63±8.23、17.38±8.86、16.50±7.04dB。四个频率上的短音P10波反应阈与纯音主观听阈之差一般在20dB之内。因此,用短音P10波反应阈减去0~20dB,可以评估纯音听阈。结论短音诱发的P10波反应阈可以评估各个频率的纯音主观听阈,弥补短声诱发的ABR的不足。     

手机通话语音的实验研究

当前,手机通话语音已成为司法语音鉴定中最为常见的一种语音形式。本研究从手机通信系统的信道特点出发,分析手机通话语音的声谱特点和共振峰频率变化等情况;同时还比较了不同通话网络、不同通话方式及不同手机的通话语音特点。实验发现,手机通话语音与直接录音语音有明显的变化,主要表现在高低频信息的带宽滤波效应、高低频共振峰的漂移、语音质量、音色、韵律特征等方面;还发现,不同手机通话条件下的语音变化程度不同。最后,讨论了手机通话语音变化对说话人鉴定的影响及鉴定中的注意事项。     

不同听力水平听性稳态反应阈值与纯音测听阈值比较

目的探讨不同频率下不同听力水平的听性稳态反应（auditory steady-state responses,ASSR）阈值与纯音测听（pure tone audiometry,PTA）阈值的关系。方法对听力正常的志愿者及不同听力水平的感音神经性聋的志愿者共86例（172耳）,分别行PTA及500、1000、2000和4000Hz的ASSR,得出PTA阈值及ASSR阈值（单频刺激）。比较不同频率（500、1000、2000、4000Hz）下不同听力水平组（≤20、21～39、40～59、60～79、≥80dB）的ASSR阈值与PTA阈值之间的关系。结果各频率的ASSR阈值与PTA阈值均具有良好的相关性。但各频率下不同听力水平校正后的校正值均高于PTA阈值。结论应用ASSR阈值进行听阈级评估时需要进行校正,ASSR检测技术可以用于听力障碍法医学鉴定听阈级评估。     

应用40Hz听觉事件相关电位和听觉脑干诱发电位客观评定听阈的研究

目的探讨40Hz听觉事件相关电位(40Hz AERP)与听觉脑干诱发电位(ABR)联合应用在法医学上的意义。方法 纯音测听结果可信86耳,分为听力正常组62耳,听力障碍组24耳。40Hz AERP用短纯音,刺激频率0.5kHz、1kHz、2kHz、4kHz。20耳进行自然睡眠及清醒两种状态下反应阈测定。ABR用短声(Click)。结果 86耳40Hz AERP引出率为97.67％,ABR为95.35％。听力正常组及听力障碍组40Hz AERP反应阈均较纯音测听气导主观听阈高,在不同的频率二者差值不同,两组差值的均值无显著性差异。四个频率40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈与主观听阈回归方程的r,前者分别为0.90、0.89、0.78、0.79,后者分别为0.54、0.58、0.60、0.83。自然睡眠状态Pa-Na波的波幅明显降低,反应阈值提高。用听力障碍组反应阈代入四个回归方程,预估值与实测值接近,差值小于20dB。结论 40Hz AERP可以客观反映言语频率范围(0.5～2kHz)的听觉状况,ABR可以客观评定高频范围的听阈;通过回归方程可以用40Hz AERP和ABR反应阈客观评定听力状况;联合应用40Hz AERP和ABR可以提高客观评定听阈的准确性。     

正常人长潜伏期听觉诱发电位的法医学应用价值

目的 研究正常人短纯音诱发的不同频率长潜伏期听觉诱发电位(auditory long latency response,ALR)的特点及其法医学应用价值.方法 选择主观检查配合的正常听力受试者20名(40耳),依次测试500、1000、2000、4000Hz4个频率的纯音主观听阈、短纯音主观听阈和短纯音ALR反应阈.结果 在4个频率上,短纯音主观听阈与纯音主观听阈之差的均值和标准差分别为3.48±2.17、4.33±2.36、4.07±1.78、3.96±2.21;短纯音ALR反应阈与短纯音主观听阈之差的均值和标准差分别为3.85±2.27、3.78±1.83、3.15±2.14、5.22±2.04;短纯音ALR反应阈与纯音主观听阈之差的均值和标准差(dB)分别为7.33±3.12、8.11±2.62、7.22±2.50、9.19±2.85.各频率短纯音ALR波反应阈与纯音主观听阈之差均在20dB之内.结论 短纯音诱发的ALR具有频率特异性、接近主观听阈,能够反应整个听觉通路的功能状况.     

Sex determination from plucked human hairs without epithelial root sheath. II. Depigmentation of melanin in the hair cortex before Feulgen reaction

In hair roots devoid of the epithelial root sheath, an attempt was made to decolorize the melanin granules without affecting the Feulgen reaction for the sex chromatin. The hair samples were treated with 0.25% potassium permanganate for 1 hour, 0.3% hydrogen peroxide for 1 minute and 5% oxalic acid for 5 minutes, and then stained with Feulgen. The frequency of sex chromatins ranged from 22% to 47% (average 32%) in female samples and from 0% to 8% (average 5%) in male samples. Thus, the frequency distributions of the male and female samples were completely independent of each other. The sex chromatins in dried female hairs were detectable at a frequency of 16 – 26% several weeks after plucking. The depigmentation procedure almost completely bleached the melanin granules in the hair cortex, and produced no harmful effect on the Feulgen reaction that followed.     

Are the same factors related to participation and frequency of offending by male and female prisoners?

Abstract

This paper is the first to compare correlates of participation and frequency of violent and property offending by male and female offenders. The criminal career approach suggests that different features of criminal careers may have different correlates and predictors, whereas Gottfredson and Hirschi argued that all criminal career features have the same correlates and predictors. This paper investigates how much 24 explanatory constructs, derived from social learning, labelling and personality theories, were related to participation and frequency of offending. Samples of 118 male prisoners and 93 female prisoners in Trinidad were interviewed to determine whether they participated in violent and property crimes and the frequency with which they committed these crimes. The results showed that these theoretical constructs (especially labelling) were much more related to participation than to frequency, but they were similarly related to violent and property offending. They were similarly related to male and female frequency but not to male and female participation in offending. In general, different factors influenced participation and frequency, although impulsivity was related to both for males and females. It is concluded that existing theories need to be improved to explain the frequency of offending.     

单细胞分离荧光原位杂交法用于男女混合血DNA分型

目的采用单细胞分离荧光原位杂交法精确分离混合血样中男性和女性细胞并进行分型检验。方法收集男、女性血,按照男∶女为1∶5、1∶10、1∶20制备混合血样,加入0.075mol/L KCl 600μL,轻混、放置30min后加入150μL固定液离心留沉淀涂片,利用Vysis 30-161050试剂盒进行荧光原位杂交,并用PALM激光显微捕获系统分离出男、女性细胞,使用Identifiler试剂盒复合扩增并进行检测。结果捕获8个血细胞即可得到完整的DNA分型,且随着细胞数目的增多,检出率逐渐提高而等位基因丢失率逐渐降低。10个血细胞的检出率最高,为93.75%。5μL男性血液与本实验各比例女性血混合用本文方法检验均可获得男性分型。案例混合血斑经检验获得单一男性和女性分型。结论单细胞分离荧光原位杂交法可用于男女混合血样本中DNA分型检验。     

时间频率对扫描图像视觉诱发电位视力的影响

目的研究不同时间频率条件下,扫描图像视觉诱发电位（sweep pattern visual evoked response,SPVER）视力的变化。方法受试者分为低视力组（71眼）与高视力组（92眼）,应用一组空间频率进行刺激,时间频率分别为8.5、10、15、20Hz,根据测得的SPVER视力与主观视力比较,判断不同时间频率条件下测得的SPVER视力的准确性。结果在低视力组,应用该组空间频率,其SPVER视力与主观视力相关性较好;在高视力组,SPVER视力出现低估。在两组中,当时间频率均为10Hz时,SPVER视力与主观视力相关性较好。结论应用SPVER检查时,时间频率对检查结果有影响,法医学鉴定时应当重视时间频率的选择。     

枢椎种族差异的初步研究

目的探讨枢椎椎骨在种族间是否存在差异。方法对黄种人已知确切性别的33例枢椎椎骨进行研究,测量枢椎椎骨的8项指标,所得数据与白种人进行比对。结果8项指标中,其中6项指标在男性种族间存在显著的种族差异、3项指标在女性种族间存在显著的种族差异。结论枢椎椎骨在种族方面存在一定差异,可以进行进一步的深入研究,本文对骨骼种族方面的鉴定研究有一定的借鉴意义。     

Juvenile convicts and their colonial familial lives

Convicts were transported from Britain to Van Diemen’s Land from 1803 until 1853. Approximately 10 000–13 000 juveniles were among the 148 000 convicts transported. This article has traced the lives of female and male juvenile convicts transported, who were sentenced at the Old Bailey (the Central Criminal Court in London), and voyaged to Van Diemen’s Land. By exploring individual lives, and contextualising their experiences, it is possible to go beyond the circumstances of offending–through to their punishment period, to their lives upon release. This article will focus on one aspect of juvenile convict lives post-transportation–their familial life. The method of nominal record-linkage has been used across a variety of criminal and non-criminal records (including civil records and newspapers) in order to build up a picture of these young offenders. Going beyond the institution and focusing directly on female and male juveniles is important in understanding the lives of this unique group. From the behaviour of the juvenile convicts themselves, to the decisions of the administrators and the conditions of the penal colony into which they were thrust; were these female and male juvenile convicts able to form ‘settled’ colonial lives and which factors inhibited or facilitated this process?     

Optimization and validation studies of the Mentype Argus X-8 kit for paternity cases

The use of ChrX-STRs is enormous in forensic case as these have proven to be powerful tools, mainly in deficiency paternity cases when the disputed child is female, and also some special cases involving blood relatives, incest cases, fetal typing in abortion material. The Mentype^® Argus X-8 kit is a commercial multiplex system which contains Amelogenin for gender determination as well as gonosomal STR markers (DXS8378, HPRTB, DXS7423, DXS7132, DXS10134, DXS10074, DXS10101 and DXS10135). Validation studies were being performed on blood obtained from the volunteers in Turkish population. In this study, some parameters were taken under consideration for validation like DNA extraction using different protocols, quantitated by using commercially available Invitrogen Qubit Fluorometer, reaction volume validation of Master Mix and the analysis of female/male, female/female and male/male mixtures were performed. The conditions were optimized and validated using GenAmp 9700 and reducing reaction volume from 25 μl to 12.5 μl and 6.5 μl. After reducing the total volume of the reaction, the results were same and there was no effect on peak height and quality when analyzed on ABI 310 genetic analyzer. 2 paternity cases were also performed which gave the same power of discrimination as has been mentioned in Mentype^® Argus X-8 kit.