我国借鉴预期违约制度之检讨分析

一般认为,对于履行期到来之前拒绝履行合同或不能履行的,英美法上的预期违约制度较为理想,但这一问题在大陆法上仍然可以通过其固有的框架来解决,那就是拒绝履行和不安抗辩权制度。我国新合同法虽然借鉴了预期违约制度,但其规定的实质仍然是拒绝履行而不是预期违约,而对预期违约的借鉴对我国的合同法产生了不利的影响。     

预期违约与不安抗辩权比较研究--兼评我国《合同法》第68、69、94和108条的立法缺失

英美法系的预期违约制度与大陆法系的不安抗辩权制度都是为了防止一方当事人先期违约而设立的,两种制度在各自法系的实践中都取得了相应的司法实效。但现在看来,预期违约制度相对来说比不安抗辩权制度更为完善。我国《合同法》同时规定两种制度,这种立法例的成败得失值得研究。将两种功能相同的制度规定在同一部法律中,显得重叠与矛盾,故建议修改现行《合同法》,废除不完善的不安抗辩权制度,只规定预期违约制度为宜,实现合同法的效益、安全、公平的价值。     

国际法律文本中违约损害赔偿制度及其借鉴

CISG、UPICC和PECL是国际贸易统一实体法的重要成果,对国际贸易产生了重大影响。在违约损害赔偿制度方面,三者作出详尽的规定,统一化程度较高,尽管在某种程度上还存在一些差异。我国《合同法》对违约损害赔偿制度作出了具体规定,这些规定在实务中发挥了重要作用,但是这些具体规定在某种程度上还存在缺陷,需要进一步完善。CISG、UPICC和PECL中有关违约损害赔偿制度的合理规定,对完善我国《合同法》中违约损害赔偿制度具有一定的借鉴意义。     

合同救济方法之选择与适用

当事人订立的合法有效的合同具有约束力,当事人应当按照合同的约定履行自己的合同义务。但实际生活中却往往出现当事人违反合同义务的行为,即违约行为。在现有立法的框架下,由于合同救济方法和途径的多样化,使得当事人和人民法院不可避免地会遇到合同救济方法的选择与实用问题。本文对此展开了讨论。     

违约精神损害赔偿适用范围限制的研究

各国理论和实务在对传统合同法不承认违约精神损害赔偿理论进行例外论述和规定时,虽然考虑到应对该例外要进行一定的限制,但是都缺乏系统性。由于传统的合同违约责任制度与侵权责任制度的二元结构尚存,因此有必要对违约精神损害赔偿适用范围进行研究,通过研究可以对其进行三重限制。     

《民法典》违约金规范的体系性发展

《:民法典》违约金制度的规范更新,既包括违约金规范本身的修订,也包括其与相关规范的体系互动。《民法典》第585条第2款后段表述的修订,还原了违约金司法酌减系于司法评价的技术特征,凸显了酌减规则的裁量特点,有助于发掘违约金的履约担保功能,兼容商事交易的效率要求。《民法典》第588条的反对解释决定了约定违约金原则上属于损害赔偿总额的预定,不足填补时债权人可另主张司法增额。合同基础丧失规则与违约金司法调整规则构成竞合关系,合同解除与违约金责任的并行关系不限于违约解除场合。司法酌减与法律行为背俗无效规则存在体系分工,与显失公平撤销规则构成竞合关系;若非商事交易,事先排除酌减特约应属无效,但并非因违反强制规范而无效。     

违约责任涉及第三人时该约定是否有效——对一起仲裁案件的评析

在本文所述案例中,当事人双方关于违约责任的约定涉及第三人利益,对该约定的处理有三种不同的方案,笔者对此作了介绍并作出了相应评论。     

契约效力与国家强制——以利益的冲突与保护为视角

民法从近代走到现代,国家强制与契约效力的关系变得越来越复杂,成为民法与行政法领域研究的一个难点。管制性强制规范所蕴含的国家利益、社会利益及公共利益有着不同的品性,强制性规范产生的缘由无非是为衡量与解决这些利益与个人利益的冲突,由此决定了以不同利益为目的的管制性强制规范在与意思自治发生冲突时可能产生不同的法律后果。在社会利益、公共利益及国家利益有替代保护的可能的情况下,应当尽可能地承认契约的私法效力,应当在最小的限度内承认公法对私法的限制。     

移植与创新:法律援助合同项目模式在中国的适用

法律援助合同项目模式诞生于美国 ,它对完善美国法律援助制度 ,使美国成为世界上发达的法律援助国家起了重要作用。我国应建立法律援助合同项目 ,建立我国法律援助合同项目势所必然 ,在移植美国法律援助合同项目模式中应从合同主体、性质、适用范围、条款等方面创新。     

合同法的局限:一个劳动关系的视角

合同法规范合同关系的根据主要依赖于合意理论。受有限理性限制,合同法实际上是以一次性交易为典型调整对象构造其规则体系的,对具有持续性并随时发生变化的劳动合同关系则存在无法克服的调整障碍:劳动合同的成立仅仅意味着劳动关系被启动,随之发展起来的复杂样态远远溢出当初合意所能规划的范围。依合同法固有的法律行为技术进行调整,既缺乏合意根据,也缺乏足够大的规则供给体量。面对由现代企业科层组织塑造的人格从属性劳动关系,以及由此引发的劳资矛盾和冲突,如果仅依赖意思自治,而不引入国家管制和劳工集体力量的约束,是无法实现秩序和公正的。     

行政协议的判断标准——以“亚鹏公司案”为分析样本的展开

行政诉讼法修改之后,无论在理论上,还是实践上,行政契约都得到了肯认。但是,除了行政诉讼法上明确列举的政府特许经营协议、土地房屋征收补偿协议之外,如何判断一个合同属于行政协议,依然存在争论。要证成行政协议,"主体说"、"目的说"(公共利益)都显得苍白无力,形式意义大于实质意义。上述标准都必须结合并最终落实到"具有行政法上权利义务内容"这一个重要标准上。其在合同之中的具体体现,以往学者多拘束于行政优益权理论,而忽视了隐含在行政契约之中的行政机关对未来权力行使的事先处分与约定。这决定了行政协议与民事合同在解决纠纷上的不同理路,成为判断行政协议的根本性标准。     

第三人利益合同之效力根源:法律对第三人合同利益之正当化

第三人利益合同之效力根源为法律对第三人合同利益的正当化.这一命题包括了两个方面的含义:其一,基础合同当事人对第三人利益的赋予为内在的根源,此为自律性的要素;其二,法律对第三人合同利益的正当化为外在根源,此为他律性要素.此二者不可截然分开,只有自律与他律的要素共同作用,才为第三人利益合同之效力根源提供法哲学上的解释.     

农地承包经营纠纷仲裁调解程序探析——以功能定位与法理定性为中心

农地承包仲裁属"准行政性仲裁程序",它是农地承包仲裁裁决的"前置程序",并能产生"一调终局"之程序效果。其功能应定位于农地承包经营纠纷之诉讼案件的分流,其程序启动无须仲裁协议,就其与诉讼的关系,当前立法定位于"或裁或审、一裁两审"具有现实之合理性,但在制度体系相对成熟之后,应及时转为"仲裁前置、一裁两审"。     

房地产契证制度与清末社会稳定——以南京地区房地产契证为范例的分析

房地产契证制度是中国一项传统的房地产法律规范制度,至清末已发展得相当完善。房地产契证不仅记录房地产交易的具体内容,记载政府的法律规制情况和对房地产的实际管理状况,也反映了社会的发展状况。在清末社会的动荡变革中,财产关系相对稳定,房地产交易能够正常进行,社会生活得以正常延续,一定程度上得益于房地产契证制度在保障交易安全、维护财产秩序方面的作用。通过颇具特色的清末南京地区房地产契证制度,研究清代房地产契证与房地产法律规制的实际作用,研究清末完善的契证制度在保护个人财产、维护产权人的合法权益、稳定基层管理秩序、保护基层社会老百姓的生存权利方面所发挥的积极作用。     

We All Make Mistakes: A ‘Duty of Virtue’ Theory of Restitutionary Liability for Mistaken Payments

In contrast to the moral foundations of contract, tort, and the law of property, which are generally regarded as elements of Kantian ‘right’, the liability to return the value of mistaken payments is, it is argued, an example of the law's enforcing a duty of virtue, the legalisation of the duty of beneficence in a way similar (though not identical) to how the law might instantiate a duty of easy rescue. Accordingly, one of Birks's most cherished theses – that the law of unjust enrichment represents a distinctive element of private law – can be made out: it is distinctive in having an entirely different normative source: in virtue, not in right. But this result comes at a cost: (1) a legal system could function more or less justly without such a liability; (2) Birks's thesis that liability for mistaken payment is the archetype or paradigmatic case of liability for unjust enrichment would have to be abandoned; and (3) we would have to recognise that the ground of this liability is policy‐motivated.     

股东出资义务的请求权主体研究——兼评《民法典》合伙合同、利他合同条款

确定股东出资义务的请求权主体存在请求权基础、公司法自创规则两条路径。前者有奠基性意义,在该路径下,应厘清出资义务的约定基础、法定基础,注重债法与公司法并用的系统思维。本源性的出资义务是约定的,表现为股东协议、公司章程,其区别于法定产生的出资义务衍生体。股东协议是组织性合同,依《中华人民共和国民法典》合伙合同、利他合同条款,出资义务请求权人应包括公司、其他股东,但公司法特殊价值会对出资义务抗辩权等产生抑制作用。章程性质依内容不同具有可分性,其出资条款应界定为组织性合同,请求权主体也包括公司、其他股东。其他股东对出资义务请求有独立利益,组织法不应排除其出资义务请求权。债权人取得出资义务请求权是法定的,须符合法定构成要件。公司法修订时,应明确公司、其他股东的出资义务请求权源于股东协议、公司章程。     

Indoor Wet Screening of Exhumed Skeletal Remains: A Suggested Procedure for the Preparation of Fragile Evidence for Anthropological Analysis

Abstract: The 2007 exhumation of three children’s graves, located in rural upstate New York and dating to 1979 and 1980, was warranted as their mother had come under suspicion for the death of a child she had been babysitting in late 2006. The local March weather conditions had been wet, and heavy rains fell during the 2‐day process of casket removal. The extremely wet soil and the poor preservation of two wooden caskets increased the likelihood of damage to evidence. After remains’ transport to the forensic center, an indoor wet‐screening station was established so that skeletal elements could be (i) separated from soil matrix and (ii) preserved carefully for analysis. Not only were the remains relatively small and fragile in comparison with those of an adult, but two of the three remains were known to be fire damaged, thus the use of special laboratory preparation techniques was crucial.     

A Regulation of Bids for Dual Class Shares. Implication: Two Shares—One Price

This paper examines the consequences of a specific regulatory restriction on bids for dual class shares. Shares of different classes are often argued to have different prices because a premium will be paid to the superior voting shares in the case of a tender offer. This paper assumes a setup where regulations require that a tender offer pays the same relative premium to both classes of shares. In this setup, it is shown that both classes will sell at the same price as long as there is a strictly positive probability that either the current management is sufficiently strong or that a sufficiently strong rival will show up. Furthermore, under this weak condition the regulation is socially optimal in the sense that the management that provides the highest total firm value will be the management of the firm. Finally, the regulation is shown to favor (or protect) the holders of restricted voting shares and this is not necessarily at the expense of the holders of superior voting shares.The practical interest of this paper derives from the fact that some European countries have adopted different regulatory restrictions on bids for dual class shares. This has more or less occurred due to proposed EU Directives. The regulation examined in this paper applies to tender offers in Denmark. Empirical results on the voting premium in Denmark are shown to be consistent with the theoretical results in this paper.     

Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample

This article examines the relationship between racial discrimination and delinquency. Using longitudinal data collected on approximately 700 African American children, we begin by establishing an association between exposure to discrimination and delinquent behavior. Next, we use structural equation modeling to test various hypotheses regarding the emotional and cognitive factors that mediate this association. For boys, the association between discrimination and delinquency is mediated by feelings of anger and depression and by the belief that aggression is a necessary interpersonal tactic. The results are somewhat different for girls. Although anger and depression mediate part of the effect of discrimination on delinquency, discrimination continues to display a small but significant direct effect. The implications of these findings for criminological theory are discussed.