From Public Interest to Private Rights: Free Speech, Liberal Individualism, and the Making of Modern Tort Law

Drawing on John Witt's 2007 book , Patriots and Cosmopolitans: Hidden Histories of American Law, this essay explores the role of the interwar civil liberties movement in rehabilitating the discourse of rights and privatizing the American welfare state. In the years after World War I, most proponents of free speech were hostile to Lochner- era legalism and preferred to pursue civil liberties through legislative and regulatory measures as a means of advancing the public interest. By the onset of World War II, however, they had instead adopted a court-centered strategy that emphasized individual autonomy. The popular and political resonance of their new state-skeptical vocabulary suggests that post-New Deal liberalism in America was a hybrid of classical and Progressive approaches.     

The Sound of Rebellion: Voting Dissent and Legislative Speech in the UK House of Commons

Using data on the content of debate associated with votes in the UK House of Commons from 1992–2015, this article examines how government party MPs employ language in legislative speech when they vote against the party line. We find a robust statistical association between dissent on votes and the use of first-person pronouns, simpler language, and giving longer speeches. Using a random forest algorithm for classification, we find that these language covariates are predictive of rebellion. The use of simpler, first-person language has implications for political representation and offers new insight into how MPs use votes to distinguish themselves from their party, perhaps reflecting attempts to connect with constituents.     

信息自由与网络监管的法理分析

以互联网为基础载体的网络信息传播,极大限度地维护了公民的言论自由、表达自由、知情权、监督权等的实现,但同时网络信息的匿名性、无序性、任意性的传播特点也为滥用表达自由、言论自由提供了最近场所,并因此对公共利益、国家利益和私人利益造成强烈冲击,导致多元化权益损害问题日益突出。网民在充分享有网络信息自由的同时,履行维护网络秩序、维护国家信息安全和公共秩序安全的义务,是一个行为的两方面。从法学理论的角度讲,网络信息自由与网络监管有度限制信息自由辩证统一,协调二者的平衡是信息时代各国政府面临的重大法律治理问题。     

public Health Ethics From Foundations and Frameworks to Justice and Global public Health

Ethics dilemmas have been present throughout the history of public health, and bioethics has devoted considerable attention to issues relevant to public health. Only recently, however, has public health ethics emerged as a recognized subfield of bioethics. Public health ethics requires that public health improvement come through just and respectful means. Bioethics in the future not only will take on more issues of public ethics, but will apply it extensive scholarship in distributive justice to questions of global public health.     

The Legal Status of Free Economic Zones in the USSR

International economic life and the striving for more effective utilization of the advantages of the international division of labor has led to the creation of special economic zones in many countries. These exist in various forms in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, France, Vietnam, Bulgaria, Hungary, Mexico, Ireland, South Korea, and a number of other countries. As regards the USSR, we have posed the question of forming joint venture zones, or free economic zones (hereafter FEZ) where it will be possible to provide conditions more advantageous than in other regions of the country or in other branches of the economy not only for foreign capital investments and the activity of joint ventures and foreign firms (tariff advantages, tax advantages, etc.), but also for the economic activity of Soviet state and cooperative enterprises.     

Mosaic Theory and Cyberharassment: Using Privacy Principles to Clarify the Law of Digital Harms and Free Speech

The Supreme Court of the United States, in the 2012 case United States v. Jones, laid a jurisprudential foundation for using mosaic theory to identify and address harms caused when innocuous bits of information are aggregated and used to invade the privacy of a targeted individual. Although mosaic theory has been applied almost exclusively in Fourth Amendment privacy cases, information mosaics can be used to facilitate online harassment. However, courts have not articulated frameworks for recognizing informational harms caused by mosaics. Additionally, although state cyberharassment laws exempt constitutionally protected informational uses from prosecution, neither state legislatures nor courts have articulated the extent of such protected activities in the cyberharassment context. Mosaic theory provides a useful theoretical and heuristic lens for understanding the limits of informational uses and harms in the cyberharassment context. Using the lens of mosaic theory, this article explores the ways information mosaics can be used to harass targeted individuals. The article concludes that states should pursue incremental modifications to their cyberharassment laws to address the harms caused by persistent, intentional, targeted uses of information mosaics against targets and that they better articulate frameworks for understanding which information-sharing activities are exempt from prosecution.     

Cause and Effect: The Free Speech Transformation as Scientific Revolution

The model of direct, cause-and-effect speech was common not only in the social sciences early in the twentieth century, but also in the law. Speech-restrictive measures were written and judged with the belief that words may be the explicit cause of undesirable behavior. This article examines the transformation in free speech doctrine and its parallel track with the emergence of the social sciences. At the core of each was a change from direct- to limited-effects frameworks. It is posited that the paradigm shift in the law qualifies as a scientific revolution given (1) how it comports with the model explained by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, and (2) its adherence to scientific method.     

从自由到平等:美国言论自由的现代转型

自1960年代开始,美国言论自由开启了从经典时期向现代的转型。在色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费三个领域,言论自由分别与性别平等、种族平等和财富平等正面相遇。通过把"平等"价值引入言论自由这一转型,使色情作品、仇恨言论和竞选经费从单纯的自由问题变为平等与自由间的平衡;同时,为了促进平等,它还强调法律和政策应告别形式中立,必须向弱势群体有所倾斜。这一转型相当于一场言论自由的"新政",终结了言论自由的洛克纳时代,重塑了言论自由的范式和议程,并对当代言论自由的发展产生持续和深远的影响。     

EC Merger Control: From Separate Jurisdictional Zones to a Cooperation Based Architecture?

The EC Merger Control Regulation(MCR) established an architecture ofconcentration control based on separate,non-overlapping jurisdictional spheres forMember states and the European Commission, withthe Commission alone having jurisdiction overconcentrations with a competition concern thatpotentially have a Community interest. Therationale is that this will help guarantee thelevel playing field for business and safeguardthe Single Market. This, of course, is verymuch dependant on the architecture working inpractice. The Community Dimension (CD) testsare at the centre of the architecture ofseparate jurisdictional zones, determiningwhich concentrations have a CD and hence aCommunity interest. The paper reveals that thecurrent form-based CD tests are flawed,undermining the effective operation of thearchitecture. It explores three competingproposals put forward to remedy the above flaw:an enhanced role for Article 22 MCR, a singlefine-tuned threshold test and, thirdly, theCommission's multiple notification approach.The paper contends that these proposals aloneare not sufficient to make the architectureeffective. It argues that what is required isan improved CD test applied in conjunction witha harmonised Articles 2 and 9 MCR approach. Inline with the Commission's desire to considerthe long term shape of EC merger control, thepaper concludes by looking at a radicalalternative to the efforts to fine-tune thearchitecture of separate jurisdictionalspheres. By way of stimulating debate, itconsiders an EC merger control based on anetwork of cooperation involving Member states'regulators and the Commission, and with allapplying EC merger law.     

Free Speech,Crime, and the Challenge of Advancing Technology

Speech technology has developed rapidly and has taken many different forms. One form of this technology, the internet, poses a difficult challenge for society because of the way that it provides children with easy access to various forms of 'indecent' material. US courts have struggled with the problem of how to reconcile the internet, and other more advanced technologies, with traditional First Amendment free speech doctrine. For many years, US courts distinguished between so-called 'traditional forms' of technology, and other forms of technology, in particular broadcast technology. While the courts have always provided strong protections for traditional forms of technology, they have provided less protection to broadcast technology. Importantly, the internet challenges the dichotomy between 'traditional' technology and broadcast technology, and has forced the US Supreme Court to reconsider its precedents relating to technology. This reconsideration has made it more difficult to regulate the internet for the 'health, welfare and morals' of society. This paper analyses the scope of government authority in light of recent precedent.     

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998: A Proposed Amendment to Accommodate Free Speech

Title II of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 limits liability for copyright infringement for online service providers if they remove from their services material posted by users that copyright holders allege infringes on their rights. This article argues that the Title provides too much incentive to OSPs to remove the material, creating an imbalance in the "fair-use" tradition of copyright law and threatening freedom of speech. The article suggests that the law be amended to require that copyright holders prove infringement before OSPs are made liable for infringement.     

从义务到权利：律师免证特权在我国的确立——以《刑诉法修正案（草案）》第46条为视角

2011年8月,全国人大常委会向社会全文公布了《刑事诉讼法修正案（草案）》。其中,第46条规定,＂律师对在执业活动中知悉的委托人的有关情况和信息,有权予以保密。但是,律师在执业活动中知悉委托人或者其他人,准备或者正在实施危害国家安全、     

Forgetting the First Amendment: How Obscurity-Based Privacy and a Right to Be Forgotten Are Incompatible with Free Speech

The privacy of personal information on the Internet has received special attention recently in both the United States and the European Union, and legislative and regulatory proposals regarding the reform privacy law abound. This article examines several prominent theories that undergird the American First Amendment and attempts to demonstrate that the concept of a privacy interest arising out of the obscurity of information, as a social normative principle, and the right to be forgotten, as a legal mechanism concerned with the European idea of dignity-based privacy, are fundamentally at odds with the right of freedom of speech.     

Spam and the First Amendment Redux: Free Speech Issues in State Regulation of Unsolicited Email

The scourge of email spam is almost forty years old, and, yet, it does not appear to be disappearing. In fact, spam has expanded to other ubiquitous Internet platforms including social media Web sites. It seems, then, that the many state anti-spam statutes have been unsuccessful in regulating the sending of unsolicited commercial email, but not for lack of trying. This article examines the First Amendment challenges to state anti-spam laws.     

检察机关排除非法证据:从自由证明到严格证明

检察机关排除非法证据必须要无缝对接到侦、捕、诉、审等诉讼环节,因为其属于程序性争点以及审判前环节可以采用自由证明的方法,但是由于我国司法机关权力的整体特色和检察机关的法律监督地位而谨慎采用严格证明方法也更加合理,具体有书面审查、口头审查和调取、审查讯问录音录像等方式。检察机关排除非法证据的办案机制以承办人主办、部门讨论和主管领导决定为主,同时还有上下级和部门之间的协作机制。检察机关排除非法证据在监督和控诉的不同方向可能会激化检警冲突和检法冲突。     

国外主要自由贸易园区及其法律规制:评析与启示

国外主要自由贸易园区的核心特征一般包括:便利的地理区位;以获取经济利益为目标;以物流、贸易等服务业为主的综合产业结构;在贸易、投资、金融等领域实行自由政策;实行境内关外的海关监管制度。与国外主要自由贸易园区相较,广东自由贸易试验区既有共性也有差异性,其法律体系建设应基于异同之处,在管理体制、立法模式和立法内容等方面做出制度创新探索。     

Free Speech Meets the Publicity Tort: Transformative Use Analysis in Right of Publicity Law

The intersection of intellectual property law and First Amendment concerns has become increasingly contested. The right of publicity has proven particularly difficult to reconcile with free speech values. Recently, some courts have begun importing a “transformative use” approach from copyright law to reconcile tensions between publicity rights and free expression. This article analyzes the problems with the transformative use doctrine and suggests the outlines of an alternative approach.