Defining Defamation: Community in the Age of the Internet

The ability to instantly communicate with a global audience has created numerous legal uncertainties as jurists struggle to adapt age-old jurisprudence to modern-day technologies —and defamation jurisprudence is no exception. The definition of a plaintiff's community is critical to his or her ability to succeed in a defamation lawsuit, often determining whether the plaintiff is a public figure or whether the plaintiff's reputation has been injured in his or her community. This article examines federal and state defamation jurisprudence to compare the factors courts have used to define community in both traditional print and broadcast cases with the factors used in more recent Internet defamation cases. It then suggests three possible rubrics courts could employ to more uniformly define community in Internet defamation cases.     

网络诽谤的争议问题探究

司法解释关于明知是捏造的损害他人名誉的事实,在信息网络上散布,情节恶劣的,以‘捏造事实诽谤他人’论的规定,属于平义解释而非类推解释。作为诽谤罪对象的他人并不排斥公众人物,但根据我国宪法的规定,刑法必须适当降低对公众人物名誉的保护规格。司法解释关于网络诽谤情节严重规定的缺陷,不在于客观归罪与扩大处罚范围,而在于不当缩小了网络诽谤的处罚范围。告诉的才处理并不意味着必须由被害人自诉,而是指不得违反被害人的意愿进入刑事诉讼程序。     

Defamation in cyberspace: A Japanese perspective

The aim of this paper is two-fold: first, to introduce how Japanese law and its jurisprudence have dealt with the case of on-line defamation, which is arguably one of the most acute problems in modern society, and second, to critically examine the efficacy of such an approach. The recent decision of the Supreme Court in on-line defamation (as oppose to off-line defamation) will be introduced as an exemplar of the way Japanese law and its jurisprudence have dealt with such an acute problem. A first step will be to provide, by way of background, a brief overview of how defamation in a conventional sense has been treated by the Japanese legal system. The second step will be to outline how the Japanese jurisdiction has dealt with on-line defamation, that is to say, to what extent the Japanese court regulates on-line defamatory comments made by the ordinary people. A third step will be to examine the efficacy of such an approach, and the final step will be to examine whether the UK court can learn a lesson from the Japanese jurisdiction. The author will draw upon Japanese jurisprudence, in order to consider whether a valuable lesson might be offered to the UK jurisdiction.     

挑战与对策：信息网络时代的思想政治教育

信息网络时代给高校的思想政治教育带来了诸多挑战.信息网络的开放性与跨文化性、虚拟性与隐蔽性、快捷性与即时性,使信息网络对人们的思想更具渗透力与影响力.而我们的思想政治教育又存在老化、泛化、僵化、弱化等诸多不适应症.在高校思想政治教育工作中应正确处理好虚与实、疏与堵、传统与现代、解决思想问题与实际问题等四种关系.     

Tilting at Windmills: the Defamation Act 2013

In April 2013, the Defamation Act was passed, the culmination of a four‐year political campaign. The legislation is intended to ameliorate the ‘chilling effect’ of libel law on scientists, online commentators, NGOs, and others. This paper considers the main changes wrought: reform of the main common law defences, changes relevant to scientific discourse and online speech, and revisions that will impact on process. It identifies areas where there will be problems of interpretation for courts, and suggests that the Act will fail to provide clarity for publishers keen to assess the legality of their actions. The paper also contends that more attention should have been paid to remedies (in particular, the desirability of discursive remedies such as the right of reply). The question is posed whether the Act addresses the core problem with libel law: the juridification and over‐complication of public sphere disputes, and the attendant cost of embroilment in legal proceedings.     

网络诽谤犯罪立案管辖之困境与价值抉择

本文对网络诽谤犯罪案件载体与形式进行了重新评估,并解释了刑法扩张的合理性,试图从诽谤犯罪规制的价值选择出发,考察域外法制,平衡社会公益与公民权利,平衡言论自由与公民人格尊严,提出修正现行法律规范的建议,或加强公权力救济、强化现行法律框架下的侦查权合理运行。     

The Paradox of Probation: Community Supervision in the Age of Mass Incarceration

After four decades of steady growth, U.S. states' prison populations finally appear to be declining, driven by a range of sentencing and policy reforms. One of the most popular reform suggestions is to expand probation supervision in lieu of incarceration. However, the classic socio‐legal literature suggests that expansions of probation instead widen the net of penal control and lead to higher incarceration rates. This article reconsiders probation in the era of mass incarceration, providing the first comprehensive evaluation of the role of probation in the build‐up of the criminal justice system. The results suggest that probation was not the primary driver of mass incarceration in most states, nor is it likely to be a simple panacea to mass incarceration. Rather, probation serves both capacities, acting as an alternative and as a net‐widener, to varying degrees across time and place. Moving beyond the question of diversion versus net widening, this article presents a new theoretical model of the probation‐prison link that examines the mechanisms underlying this dynamic. Using regression models and case studies, I analyze how states can modify the relationship between probation and imprisonment by changing sentencing outcomes and the practices of probation supervision. When combined with other key efforts, reforms to probation can be part of the movement to reverse mass incarceration.     

过错与抗辩：以名誉权侵权为重点

不法性不应作为一般侵权行为的构成要件,而应由过错要件吸收。过错本质上为主观范畴,但其衡量标准可以客观化。言论自由与名誉权同属宪法规定的基本权,法律应慎重处理二者冲突的情形。名誉权侵权中应区分不同的行为人主体和被报道对象而作具体分析。其中,过错具有独特含义:就故意而言,应指言论发表人对该言论的虚假性明知或对其真假完全的漠不关心;就过失而言,应指言论发表人未尽一般理性人的注意义务。行为人享有除真实性抗辩外的多种无过错抗辩。     

网络时代的资本市场及监管法制之重塑

互联网技术正日益渗透于资本市场各个环节,并深刻影响着资本市场的结构和运行模式。网络技术与资本市场的高度融合预示着一个资本市场网络时代的到来,这需要我们重新审视已有的监管理念和监管规则,以更加从容的心态加以应对,改变以简单控制为主的监管思路和监管策略,采取积极引导、强化监管的指导思想,在发挥技术革新优势和有效监管之间积极地寻求平衡,以推动我国资本市场的成功转型。     

网络时代隐私权的法律保护

随着大众传媒的不断发展,侵害公民个人隐私的行为也不断发生,保护公民隐私权已成为我国法学界的共识。我国对公民隐私权的保护还需要在立法上加以完善,同时对隐私权的保护也需要进行一定的限制。     

试析网络时代下的隐私权保护

随着互联网的高速发展,个人隐私在网络空间的安全性受到了挑战,网络隐私权的保护问题日益凸显。本文在对网络隐私权的基本理论进行分析的基础上,结合我国隐私权和网络隐私权的立法现状及存在的问题,借鉴了以美国和欧盟为代表的两大网络隐私权的立法模式,提出了构建我国网络隐私权保护体系的相关对策和建议。     

自身障碍的治疗:广义自身心理学的心理治疗理论

广义自身心理学认为，精神分析治疗的实质和目的在于创设一种情境，使病人能够继续其童年期因自身对象没有适当发挥作用而停滞的自身发展过程，弥补自身结构中的缺陷，形成成熟的自身——自身对象关系。精神分析治疗过程包括防御分析、移情的展开以及在自身与自身对象之间开启神入通道这三个步骤。精神分析通过形成新的心理结构进行治疗，理解和解释构成精神分析治疗的基本单元。     

网络犯罪心理成因及其预防

网络犯罪是伴随着互联网的兴起而出现的以互联网作为犯罪工具的一种新型的犯罪行为,本文通过分析网络犯罪心理的成因,然后提出预防网络犯罪心理形成的对策,包括对网络犯罪心理的社会预防、政府预防和个体预防三个方面。     

互联网时代民间融资法律规制的新问题

互联网在改变我们生活方式的同时,也改变着经济活动的方式.民间资金与互联网结合形成一个既不同于正规金融市场,也不同于民间融资市场的新型金融市场,生成一个配置民间金融资源的新型市场体系,改变了传统民间融资市场的信息约束条件,克服了传统民间融资法律监管中的信息不对称困境,使民间融资法律监管成为可能.同时,互联网金融实现了销售渠道和方式的创新,改变了金融市场的主体、价格、交易工具等要素.面对互联网时代民间融资市场的新发展,既不能简单地强调严厉监管,完全适用正规金融监管制度,也不能完全适用规制传统民间融资的法律制度,应当在现行民间融资法律制度基础上,构建适用于传统民间融资和互联网民间融资的二元民间融资法律制度,采用非审慎的重点监管原则,纳入宏观监管的框架,以消费者保护、合规监管、竞争监管为重点,建立适合互联网时代民间融资特点的法律制度,促进互联网金融的健康发展.     

Internet gambling: Community flop or the Texas Hold'em poker rules1

Transformed by technology, the virtualisation of gambling has prompted administrations around the world to respond swiftly to the challenges posed by the new way of carrying out an age-old practice. However, approaches to regulation differ. Within the USA online gambling is prohibited by the Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act 31 U.S.C. 5361-5367 (enacted in the USA in October 2006). This has been played out by the threats of extradition and arrests of senior executives in Texas and ultimately imprisonment for criminal infringements in among other places Las Vegas. By contrast the UK has implemented a regulatory regime through the Gambling Act 2005. The European Community has provided a regime somewhere between the two following recent European Court of Justice decisions (Plancanica 2 CMLR 25) finding against Member States operating state monopolies preventing the establishment of private providers in this specific sphere of commercial activity, contrary to Article 43TEC (right of establishment) and Article 49TEC (the right to provide services, this will of course also have the corollary of the right to receive services). The appropriateness of these responses leads the commentators back towards embryonic Internet governance discussions on cyber-paternalism and cyber-liberalism with online gambling as the case study.     

网络时代的知识产权保护与信息资源共享

信息数字化技术的迅猛发展使知识产权的客体和权能不断扩张,不仅可能导致将原本应属于公有领域的信息为个人垄断,损害正常的市场竞争和社会整体福利;而且由于网络环境下知识产权侵权认定的复杂性和不确定性增加,不利于以信息形式存在的知识产品的创造和传播,从而阻碍信息资源共享政策的实现.究其原因,在于知识产权的客体本质上是具有创造性...