Extraction of 2-methyl-hydroxybenzene and 3-methyl-hydroxybenzene from water solutions

The results related with extracting 2- and 3-methyloxibenzole from water solutions by 5 hydrophobic and 2 hydrophilic organic solvents are described in the paper. A variety of factors are shown to exert influence on an extraction degree: extraction agent (EA) nature, water-phase medium pH, EA saturation with water and adding of electrolytes to the water phase. A repetition factor needed to extract the preset quantities of studied compounds is estimated.     

Extraction of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene from water solutions

The results of extraction of 1,2- and 1,4-dihydroxybenzene from water solutions by the hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic solvents are described. The influence of an extragent nature and of a water-phase pH medium on an extraction degree is demonstrated. The repetition factor needed to extract a preset quantity of examined compounds is calculated.     

Extraction of trifluralin from acetonitrile solutions

Results of extraction of trifluralin from an aqueous acetonitrile solution using various organic solvents are presented. The degree of extraction was shown to depend on the nature of extractant and the water/acetonitrile ratio. An optimal electrolyte and the degree of saturation of the water-acetonitrile layer with this electrolyte were selected. The highest efficiency of extraction was achieved by using water-saturated ethylacetate as an extractant. The indices of extraction were calculated as necessary for the isolation of a given amount of trifluralin from aqueous acetonitrile (4:1) solutions with the solvents considered in the present study.     

Extraction of lambda-cyhalothrin from aqueous dioxan solutions

The results of extraction of lambda-cigalotrin from dioxan aqueous solutions by hydrophobic organic solvents are presented. It is shown that the degree of extraction depends on the nature of the extractant, the water to dioxan ratio, and saturation of the water-dioxan layer with the electrolyte. The highest efficiency of lambda-cigalotrin extraction was achieved using chlorophorm as a solvent under desalination conditions. The extraction factor was calculated necessary to obtain the desired amount of lambda-cigalotrin from the water-dioxan solution (4:1) with the help of the extractants being used.     

Isolation of nitrobenzene from biological material

Toluene is recommended as an agent for extraction of nitrobenzene from biological material. Optimal conditions for nitrobenzene isolation from cadaveric human liver are defined and the results of isolation are quantitatively evaluated.     

Extraction of basic metabolites of monomethyloxybenzene isomers from aqueous solutions

The results are presented of extraction of 1-methyl-3,4-dioxybenzene, 1-methyl-2,5-dioxybenzene and 4-oxybenzene acid from aqueous solutions with hydrophobic and hydrophilic organic soluvants. It is shown that the degree of extraction depends on the nature of the extragents and pH of the aqueous phase medium. Extraction multiplicity for obtaining necessary quantities of the compounds is calculated.     

Extraction of 2-nitroaniline and 2-nitro-4-methylaniline from aqueous solutions

Results of extraction of 2-nitroaniline and 2-nitro-4-methylaniline from aqueous solutions with organic solvents are shown to depend on the nature of extractants, pH of the aqueous phase, its saturation with water and electrolytes. The optimal conditions for the extraction of the compounds of interest are created by using water-saturated ethylacetate as the extractant at a pH value in the range from 1.0 to 12.0. The rate of extraction was calculated necessary to remove the desired amounts of 2-nitroaniline and 2-nitro-4-methylaniline from aqueous solutions using the above solvents.     

Extraction of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and 4-phenylphenol from aqueous solutions

The authors provide the results of extraction of 2-amino-4-nitrophenol and 4-phenilphenol from aqueous solutions by five organic soluvants. The dependence of the extraction degree on some factors (nature of extragent, pH of aqueous phase medium, extragents saturation with water) was established. Necessary extraction rate for isolation of preset quality of the test substances was calculated.     

Concentrations of cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine in blood samples from apprehended drivers in Sweden

Cocaine and its major metabolite benzoylecgonine (BZE) were determined in blood samples from people arrested in Sweden for driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) over a 5-year period (2000-2004). Venous blood or urine if available, was subjected to a broad toxicological screening analysis for cannabis, cocaine metabolite, amphetamines, opiates and the major benzodiazepines. Verification and quantitative analysis of cocaine and BZE in blood was done by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at limits of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.02mg/L for both substances. Over the study period 26,567 blood samples were analyzed and cocaine and/or BZE were verified in 795 cases (3%). The motorists using cocaine were predominantly men (>96%) with an average age of 28.3+/-7.1 years (+/-standard deviation, S.D.). The concentration of cocaine was below LOQ in 574 cases although BZE was determined at mean, median and highest concentrations of 0.19mg/L, 0.12mg/L and 1.3mg/L, respectively. In 221 cases, cocaine and BZE were together in the blood samples at mean and (median) concentrations of 0.076mg/L (0.05mg/L) and 0.859mg/L (0.70mg/L), respectively. The concentrations of BZE were always higher than the parent drug; mean BZE/cocaine ratio 14.2 (median 10.9) range 1-55. Cocaine and BZE were the only psychoactive substances reported in N=61 cases at mean (median) and highest concentrations of 0.095 (0.07) and 0.5mg/L for cocaine and 1.01 (0.70) and 3.1mg/L for BZE. Typical signs of drug influence noted by the arresting police officers included bloodshot and glossy eyes, agitation, difficulty in sitting still and incoherent speech.     

Blood concentrations of tetracaine and its metabolite following spinal anesthesia

Blood concentrations of tetracaine and its metabolite, p-butylaminobenzoic acid, were measured after spinal anesthesia with tetracaine which had been administered to patients under going orthopedic surgery. Tetracaine, an ester anesthetic, was given to 10 patients, the dose was 8-14mg, and blood samples were collected 1, 2 and 6h after the injection of tetracaine. We used gas chromatography/mass spectrometry for purposes of analysis. Tetracaine was not detected in any blood sample, but the metabolite was detected in each sample with the mean concentrations of 126.5, 97.9 and 43.3ng/ml at 1, 2 and 6h, respectively. This data will be useful in determination of the cause of death after spinal anesthesia with tetracaine.     

毛发中海洛因及其代谢物的分析综述

对毛发中海洛因及其代谢物—6-单乙酰吗啡和吗啡的提取和检测分析进行了综述。其分析方法大致为6步:收集毛发,清洗毛发,分段,剪(磨)碎毛发,水解,提取净化,检测分析。     

GC／MS法检验血液中双甲脒及其代谢产物

目的建立血液中双甲脒及其代谢产物单甲脒的气质联用定量检测方法。方法采用液-液萃取前处理,考察了不同的提取溶剂和pH值对检测结果的影响,优化了萃取条件。结果在最优条件下,该方法对双甲脒和单甲脒的检出限分别为2ng/mL和3ng／mL,两种目标物在20～2000ng／mL范围内线性关系良好（砰分别为0．9997和0．9992）,血液中双甲脒和单甲脒的回收率为8l％～90％。结论该方法具有良好的灵敏度、重现性、稳定性和专属性,可用于法庭科学与临床学的毒物分析。     

毛发中甲基苯丙胺及代谢产物苯丙胺的分析研究

介绍了毛发中甲基苯丙胺（ MAMP）及代谢产物苯丙胺（ AMP）的 GC/NPD、 GC/MS的定性定量分析方法。毛发用 0.1 mol/L HCl水解, 4－苯基丁胺（ 4－ PBA）为内标,液－液提取,三氟乙酸酐（ TFA）衍生化。毛发用量为 10mg,检出限为 GC/NPD 0.5ng/mg, GC/MS 0.1ng/mg,回收率大于 78％。该方法成功应用于染毒豚鼠毛发中 MAMP及其代谢产物 AMP浓度变化过程的测定。     

甲基苯丙胺及其代谢产物在急性中毒豚鼠体内的分布

目的研究甲基苯丙胺 (MAP)及其代谢产物苯丙胺 (AP)在急性中毒豚鼠体内的含量分布。方法应用GC/NPD技术 ,以 4 苯基丁胺 (4 PBA)为内标 ,样品经水解后碱化或直接碱化至pH >11,环已烷混旋提取 ,三氟乙酸酐 (TFA)微波衍生化 ,测定MAP急性中毒豚鼠体液和组织中MAP及AP的含量。结果急性中毒死亡豚鼠体内各器官和体液中MAP及AP含量最高为肺 ;其次为肝、脑、肾、脾、肠、心、血 ;再次为胃、胆汁 ;最少是尿。结论MAP在动物体内代谢迅速 ,组织或体液中MAP和AP浓度的比值与豚鼠给药后存活时间有关     

Hypersensitivity myocarditis and hepatitis associated with imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine

We present two cases of myocarditis and hepatitis with histologic characteristics of hypersensitivity-mediated drug reactions associated with imipramine and its metabolite, desipramine. In one case, death was directly attributed to myocarditis; in the second case, the patient died of an acute myocardial infarct, but myocarditis may have played a contributory role. One patient was taking imipramine, and therapeutic concentrations of imipramine and desipramine were documented in postmortem blood. The other patient was receiving desipramine documented by in-patient hospital medication records. Both cases had liver lesions associated in the medical literature with adverse drug reaction to imipramine. Although myocarditis has been previously associated with amitriptyline, these cases appear to be the first reported in association with imipramine/desipramine. The fact that one patient was taking only desipramine suggests that it may be the offending agent.     

琥珀胆碱及其代谢物琥珀单胆碱的检验

目的建立液质联用分析琥珀胆碱和琥珀单胆碱的检验方法。方法通过动物实验,采集死前血液与死后心脏血;通过优化色谱-质谱分析条件以及进样顺序,实现了空白干扰物与代谢物的有效分离。结果首次检验了中毒死亡检材中的琥珀单胆碱,并分析琥珀胆碱与琥珀单胆碱的丰度比例以及通过实际案例推断体内琥珀单胆碱的来源。结论提出了必须将琥珀单胆碱列入琥珀胆碱中毒案件的毒物检验目标,可以大大提高生物检材阳性检出率。     

血,尿中甲基苯丙胺以及代谢产物苯丙胺的分析研究

介绍了血、尿中甲基苯丙胺及其代谢产物苯丙胺的GC/MS，GC/FID和GC/NPD的定性定量分析方法．样品以4-苯基丁胺为内标，用200μl环己烷直接提取进样或提出物经微波照射快速衍生化后分析．方法简便、快速，回收率高于80％．检出限为2～5ng/ml．建立了体内甲基苯丙胶和苯丙胺的d/l光学对映体测定方法，可用于判断毒品来源及毒作用．