Crime Reporting Decisions and the Costs of Crime

The paper develops a model of crime reporting based on an economic approach. It identifies the principal costs and benefits of reporting from the victim’s perspective, taking account of insurance provision and the risk of intimidation by an offender. It shows how a victim might use backward induction to infer a rational reporting strategy. The recording of crime by the police is a process that relies on victim reports, and is thus influenced by the reporting decisions made by victims. The paper uses empirical evidence from the British Crime Survey and from the International Crime Victims Survey to explore the hypotheses generated by the model. It finds support for the suggestion that the propensity to report a crime increases with the size of the loss entailed. The paper also explores the implications of the findings for the estimation of the costs of crime. Reporting and intimidation costs are generally excluded from bottom-up estimates of costs, an omission that may be quite serious in the context of offences such as domestic violence.     

论独立教唆犯之犯罪预备性——以我国刑法第29条第2款的规定为视角

独立教唆犯是预备犯,这是因为,从教唆行为的本质上看,教唆行为是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪预备行为,且这种犯罪预备行为的本身在法律上不具有正当性。为了尽早阻断教唆行为对法益的破坏作用,有的国家在刑法总则中对独立教唆犯予以原则性地处罚规定,采取的是非独立预备犯的立法模式,将犯罪构成要件的可罚性前置化。采取独立预备犯立法技术的国家,在刑法分则中为一些独立教唆行为规定了特定的犯罪构成要件,使一些教唆行为成为其相应的犯罪构成要件的实行行为,但不是教唆者所教唆之罪的犯罪实行行为。     

危险驾驶罪共同犯罪问题研究

作为故意犯罪,危险驾驶罪理应存在共同犯罪的情形.机动车驾驶者之间以及非机动车驾驶者与机动车驾驶者之间均有可能构成危险驾驶罪的共犯.暗中帮助他人危险驾驶的行为人应构成危险驾驶罪的片面共犯,而不知情的危险驾驶者则应单独构成危险驾驶罪.在间接正犯和单独不作为犯的情况下,非机动车驾驶者应单独构成危险驾驶罪.危险驾驶者的同饮者、劝酒者、同乘者以及饭店、酒吧等酒水提供者均不应构成危险驾驶罪的共犯.     

Constructing Crime against the Elderly in Swedish Crime Prevention Campaigns

The study investigates how crime prevention activities frame the problem of crime against the elderly, regarding character, causes, effects and solutions. Data was collected through participant observations, interviews and analysis of a film produced by a local crime prevention council in Sweden. It is concluded that crime prevention for seniors produces complex and contradicting images of the problem. In situational crime prevention seniors are warned to look out for strangers stalking them or trying to access their homes. Statements that victimization is uncommon among the old are combined with warnings that invoke images of mysterious ever-present perpetrators. In social crime prevention, where causes and interventions of crime are discussed, crime prevention officers link the problem to established social problems such as drug abuse and juvenile delinquency. This way of framing the problem is typical for a Swedish Social Democratic perspective, where lack of community and integration are defined as causes of social problems. It is concluded that warnings to look out for strangers who ask for help may be at odds with this striving towards community.     

关于贪污罪的共同犯罪问题研究

一、共同贪污犯罪成立的条件根据《刑法》规定,共同犯罪是指二人以上共同故意犯罪。共同贪污犯罪是指两个以上具备贪污罪主体资格的人,利用职务便利或者具备贪污罪主体资格的人与不具备贪污罪主体资格的人利用具备贪污罪主体资格的人的职务便利,而共同故意实施贪污行为的犯罪。     

有组织犯罪之对策研究

要有效防治有组织犯罪,必须兼顾社会对策和刑事法律对策,二者不可偏废。在社会对策方面,宏观上,必须加强政治、经济、文化的建设;微观上,必须加强社会保障体系、金融机构管控、流动人口管理、枪枝弹药等危险物品管理。在刑事法律对策方面,应完善刑事立法,明文规定有组织犯罪的单位主体,完善刑法总则中刑事责任、刑罚方面的规定;提高有组织犯罪法定刑,引入财产刑。在刑事司法制度方面,尽快成立专门防治有组织犯罪的专门机构,允许检察机关对有组织犯罪立案侦查,借鉴污点证人司法豁免制度,加强对证人的保护,加强国际区际刑事司法协助。     

危险犯既遂后的中止问题研究

按照通说,危险犯在法定危险状态形成后行为人又主动采取措施排除其造成的危险状态是不成立犯罪中止,但这一通说却也面临许多质疑。按照我国中止的立法规定、犯罪构成、危险犯的特性来看,危险犯在达至既遂状态后成立犯罪中止完全具有合理性且是危险犯的中止而不是实害犯的中止,从刑事政策的角度来看也给了犯罪人回头是岸的机会,也保护了面临犯罪侵害的合法权益。     

Crime and the Family

Although there has been a great deal of speculation about the relationship of crime and the family, the nature of that relationship is not well understood. After tracing the origins of the theory that crime can be genetically transmitted from parents to children, I go on to critique current biological theories of crime. Next I discuss work emerging from several disciplines that helps explain the environmental influence of families on crime. Arguing that familial influences cannot be understood apart from the structural context in which families exist, I focus on two structural factors, gender and social class. I conclude with a discussion of the policy implications of current research and with recommendations for steps we can take to reduce familial contributions to criminal behavior.     

论单位犯罪

单位犯罪在以前的刑法理论及司法实践中被称为法人犯罪,它产生于改革开放以后,由于经济体制的改革,主要是财政体制的改革,使得我们国家的企事业单位、机关团体成为一个个相对独立的经济实体,各单位都有了自己的经济利益,而由此产生了一个个特定团体与社会整体之间的利益冲突。当特定团体以非法手段谋取自身不正当利益从而损害社会整体利益时,就产生了单位犯罪现象。也就是说,当这种利益冲突发展到一定程度时,就会用犯罪的形式表现出来,应对单位犯罪问题的现行立法规定进一步的完善。     

论单位犯罪是共同犯罪

承认单位犯罪是共同犯罪,在理论上和实践中都有其必要性,使对单位犯罪的直接负责的主管人员和直接责任人员追究刑事责任有明确的法律依据,而且在理论上也符合单位犯罪的本质和共同犯罪的成立条件。     

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪关系辨析——以基础概念解析为进路

国际犯罪与涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪之间虽然在起源上具有不可磨灭的历史渊源,但它们在内容上并不具有同一或者包容关系,而是一种即相互交叉又彼此保持一定独立性的关系。只有当涉外犯罪、跨国犯罪具有"国际性"时,即它们的危害性达到国际刑法所要求的严重程度时,才能上升为国际犯罪。而在国际犯罪中,除了具有国际性的涉外犯罪和跨国犯罪外,还包括具有国际性的既不属于涉外犯罪又不属于跨国犯罪的单纯的国内犯罪。     

Affairs of the Heart: Hate Crime and the Politics of Crime Control

Various scholars have noted the priority given to law in the politics of hate violence; violence is the problem and law, more specifically the criminal law, the solution at the ‘heart’ of society. This article seeks to explore some of the gaps and silences in the existing literature and politics that mobilize these ideas and associations. It is the gap sand silences associated with demands for and expectations of criminal justice that will be the particular concern of this article. The demand for law is examined by way of David Garland's recent work on the culture of crime control. His work offers an analysis of the contemporary place of crime control in Anglo-American liberal democracies. A distinctive feature of his analysis is to be found in the way it maps an important paradox of contemporary crime control; its political centrality and an increasing recognition of its limitations. Garland's ‘criminology of the self’ and the ‘criminology of the other’ raise some important challenges for those who advocate resort to crime control. My particular concern is to consider the significance of Garland's work for a contemporary sexual politics that puts violence and criminal justice at the heart of that politics. Feminist, gay and lesbian scholarship first on criminal justice and second, on violence and law will be used to develop a critical dialogue with Garland's analysis and to reflect upon the challenges raised by his insights into contemporary crime control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Crime and Reactions to Crime in Scandinavia

This short overview of available statistical data on crime and penal systems in Scandinavia indicates that the level of traditional forms of crime in Scandinavia is on a par with or lower than that found in many other European countries. As elsewhere in western Europe, Scandinavia experienced a substantial increase in crime rates during the post‐war period—indicating that these recorded increases may have common structural roots. The 1990s witnessed a stabilization of theft rates, albeit at a high level. Increasing equality between women and men may have contributed to an increase in the reporting of violent and sexual offences against women (and children), making these offences more visible. The system of formal control in the Scandinavian countries is characterized by relatively low police density; a clear‐up rate that has declined; above‐average conviction rates; the imposition of fines in a high proportion of criminal cases; and relatively low prison populations. The implications for crime policies are discussed.     

行政犯与二元化犯罪模式

刑事犯与行政犯的类型划分已成为犯罪分类中的一个固定范武,如何在认知行政犯之本质的基础上设置行政犯的犯罪模式,这就不仅关系到刑法的控制效果,而且还关系到刑法的科学发展.作为"先抑后扬"的二元化犯罪模式,不仅能够满足刑法上设置行政犯之目的诉求,而且较好地体现了刑法谦抑原则,因而是行政犯之犯罪模式的理性选择.所以未来的刑法修正案应适当扩展二元化犯罪模式的存在范围,具体可以考虑在纯正的贪利性行政犯中实行.     

论视频监控的犯罪预防功能及犯罪侦查价值

各国的犯罪预防理论发展至今,已经形成了比较完善的犯罪预防体系,主要包括司法预防、社会预防和情景预防三种模式。在我国的犯罪预防体系中,向来重视司法预防和社会预防,而对情景预防关注不够,情景预防措施尚不完善。作为一种对犯罪的干预,视频监控是一种对情境犯罪的干预,研究发掘其在犯罪预防中的作用对完善犯罪预防体系具有重要意义。同时,视频监控系统在犯罪侦查方面也具有重要作用。     

论短缩的二行为犯

短缩的二行为犯(间接目的犯)是以实施第二行为为目的的犯罪,但只有第一行为是构成要件行为,第二行为不是构成要件行为;间接故意可以成立短缩的二行为犯;短缩的二行为犯的目的实现与否,既不影响犯罪的成立,也不影响犯罪既遂的认定;行为人实施了作为目的的第二行为时,应根据四种不同情形区分罪数;不具有特定目的的人与具有特定目的的人共同实施短缩的二行为犯中的第一行为的,以及后行为人参与实施第二行为的,应当根据刑法规定及部分共同犯罪原理,分别不同情形判断是否成立共犯。