论未成年人犯罪前科应予消灭——一个社会学角度的分析

以社会学为视角,并结合刑法中前科及前科消灭理论进行分析,犯罪标签的存在和前科报告制度的影响,我国法律规定的未成年犯罪人的前科保护制度基本上不能消除前科对未成年犯罪人的不利影响,而这些不利影响的存在极可能导致未成年犯罪人刑罚执行完毕后之再社会化的失败,使其重新走上再犯之路,因而应明确消除未成年犯罪人的前科记录.     

论前科消灭制度的正当性根据

前科消灭制度的存置具有深厚的理论根基与正当性根据。从人性的维度来考量,前科消灭制度是人性的可变性与发展性以及具体性与社会性相统一的必然要求;用哲理的眼光来审视,辩证唯物主义、唯物辩证法和历史唯物主义都为前科消灭制度的存置奠定了理论上的支撑;从法理的立场来观照,前科消灭制度乃是公正性与功利性的题中应有之义;以刑理的视角来省察,报应与预防亦为前科消灭制度的存置提供了证成的理由。     

刑法理论与刑事立法

在刑事立法非常活跃的时代,刑法理论不可能只是单纯地解释刑法,而是需要同时关注刑事立法本身.刑法理论不仅要规制司法,而且要规制立法.刑法理论尤其是法益保护主义与有关刑罚的正当化根据的学说,对刑事立法起着重要规制作用;刑法理论必须对刑法条文作出有价值的判断,促进刑事立法的不断完善.但是,如果能够通过修改理论或者重新解释应对社会生活事实的,就不应当修改刑法;任何知识都是一种偏见,都是不完善、不全面的,但刑法学绝不是始终拘泥于条文的形式论解释的枯燥无味的学问;刑法学者应当善于了解社会生活事实的变化,勇于反省自己的前理解,正确对待自己的偏见,从而使旧法条适应新时代.对刑事立法的批判与解释并不是对立关系,批判性解释可以使刑事立法的形式缺陷得到弥补,也能为刑事立法的完善奠定基础.刑事立法也应当善于类型化,从而为解释提供应有的空间,使刑事立法与刑法理论形成良性互动关系.     

刑法教义学与犯罪论体系的分野

刑法教义学是以制定法和判例为基础的学问,其研究方法的核心是对刑法的解释和体系化。刑法教义学是观察和分析各种犯罪论体系的重要维度。大陆法系的犯罪阶层体系是一种教义学体系,是对刑法总则的解释和体系化;苏俄的犯罪构成体系则背离了刑法教义学传统,因而衍生出诸多问题。我国应当强化以实在法规范为对象的教义学研究,逐步清除苏俄犯罪构成体系的不当影响。     

Rights and Relativistic Justifications: Replies to Kasachkoff and Husak

Law and Philosophy -     

刑法谦抑视角下死刑废除的再对话

死刑存废一直是中国法学界和实务界密切关注的问题,对是否要减少甚至废除死刑的争论也从未停息,期间做了大量的研究、探索和尝试。2011年《刑法修正案八》首次废除了十三个罪名的死刑,2015年《刑法修正案九》废除了九种罪名的死刑,这与刑法的补充性原则、有限性原则以及非犯罪化和非刑罚化思潮等近现代法学思想为主要组成部分的刑法谦抑理念不谋而合。本文通过分析我国立法和司法语境下死刑废除应遵循的法哲学思想基础和刑法谦抑理念,简要比较美国章莹颖案引发的死刑存废的争议,以期有利于推动我国相关刑法理论的发展。     

刑法信条学与犯罪论体系的构筑

大陆法系犯罪论体系可以说就是对一个个刑法信条整理、整序而成的信条学体系。刑法信条学有其特定的意义和功能。由于真正信条的实定法依据的尴尬,仅靠真正信条尚无法构筑犯罪论体系;不真正信条与真正信条一道构筑起刑法信条学体系;不真正信条易随着刑法学历史的变迁而变动;混入信条学的伪信条无助于体系的构筑,但引发在刑法信条学之外的刑法哲学意义上的思考。     

相对刑事责任年龄人的刑法处遇

我国刑法学界对相对刑事责任人应承担刑事责任的范围和罪名与犯罪行为产生较为激烈的争论,导致这种争论产生的主要原因是刑法条文规定的不明确以及不严密造成的。对刑法典第17条第2款的解释和适用,应遵行行为+罪名的限定方式,即17条第2款的规定虽是八种犯罪行为,但在确定罪名时,必须以立法所体现出的八个罪名为限。在此基础上通过对相对负刑事责任年龄阶段立法缺陷的分析,提出刑法第17条第2款规定的重构思路。     

Crime and Expected Punishment: Changes in Perceptions at the Age of Criminal Majority

This paper assesses whether perceived punishment severity changesdiscontinuously when an individual becomes an adult in the eyesof the courts. I find that the perceived chance of jail increasesby 5.2 percentage points at the age of criminal majority, whichis over and above the general effect of aging. The magnitudeof this subjective change in the chance of jail at the age ofmajority appears to be substantially smaller than that foundin objective data. Finally, a reduced-form analysis of whetherself-reported criminal behavior changes discontinuously at theage of criminal majority finds little consistent evidence ofdeterrence.     

Representing Theory and Theorising in Criminal Justice Studies: Practising Theory Considered

The author considers the role and place of theory in criminal justice studies. The argument is that the operation and interrogation of fundamental categories is integral to social scientific enquiry and if criminal justice studies is to resist a technocratic “protective service” orientation it must promote theorising and thinking conceptually via the texts which represent the discipline to undergraduates. Although theory is situated at the core of social science curricula, there is little or no agreement on its role or place in research and pedagogy. The dominant understanding of theory within criminal justice studies (including its sociological and criminological incarnation) is that it is something to be referred to. What is seldom emphasised in theory or methods texts is the practice of theorising. Texts that are designed to be the student’s first contact with the field of criminal justice studies, and which reflect broader attitudes toward social enquiry, seldom consider the methodological and pedagogical issues related to the production and role of analytic concepts and do not present social science as an imaginative or reflexive practice. Drawing on critical realist metatheory, this paper advances a distinction between social and sociological problems and social science and protective service toward illustrating that a social science approach to the study of criminal justice demands the operation and interrogation of analytic categories and explicit consideration of issues of epistemology and ontology. Works which seek to avoid this serve only to foster a passive rather than active engagement with their subject matter.     

关于我国未成年人前科消灭制度若干问题的探讨

WTO协议正式签定,进一步打开了我国的司法视角,我们必须全方位审视中国的司法制度,特别 是前科制度,站在社会主义市场经济的改革、发展、稳定的角度,立足于长治久安,深入研讨、论证 现行前科制度的弊端,合理借鉴国外“刑事污点消灭制度”,首先建立我国未成年人前科消灭制 度,依法有条件地对那些违法犯罪的未成年人开辟一条真正无择业上局限、人格上的歧视、社会 地位的降低的生存、发展之路,此乃建设社会主义法治国家和推进法制现代化进程不可回避的现 实问题。     

Gender and Age Segregation and Stratification in Criminal Collaborations

Objectives

Assess gender and age segregation and stratification among co-offenders.

Methods

The population comprises co-offenders aged 5–75 in police-reported co-offenses in Canada, 2006–2009. Segregation is indicated by observed and inbreeding homophily, measured with cross-tabulations and log-linear distance models. Stratification is assessed with elaborations by crime type. Intersectionality of gender and age status is estimated with interaction terms in the log-linear models.

Results

Female and younger offenders are over-represented among co-offenders. Co-offending exhibits gender and age status homophily: same-gender dyads are approximately twice as frequent as mixed-gender, and same-age-status dyads are almost 7 times as frequent as mixed-age-status. Gender homophily varies by crime type, being stronger in robbery, aggravated assault, common assault, and minor theft, and weaker in serious drug crime and homicide, and (especially) sex crimes against children. Age homophily is strong in all types of crime. Gender and age homophily have a negative interaction: dyads comprising a female child or youth and an adult male occur 1.4 times as frequently as predicted from the main effects of gender and age status.

Conclusions

Female and younger offenders are not excluded from co-offending per se but, consistent with expectations from Blau’s (Inequality and heterogeneity. Free Press, New York, 1977) and Steffensmeier’s (Soc Forces 6:1010–1032, 1983) theories, they are segregated from co-offending with male and (especially) adult offenders. There was limited evidence of gender stratification, and no evidence of age stratification. The interaction of gender and age status in the segregation and stratification of co-offending attenuates their individual effects, contrary to expectations from feminist intersectionality theory and consistent with Blau’s (1977) theory.

     

刑法人格主义的检讨与革新

刑法人格主义的思想发源于刑法主观主义阵营,经过刑法客观主义阵营的批判与吸收,在当代演化成人格刑法学等理论成果,并成为折衷主义的重要产物。发展中的刑法人格主义应当遵循法治的基本精神,谨慎地对待人身危险性问题,决不能抛弃行为这一基本概念而陷入主观主义的危险境地。西方国家将人格因素渗透到刑事立法的事实,暗合了我国刑法学理论的发展趋势,有必要科学地对待人格因素在定罪机制中发挥的作用,并在量刑和行刑过程中及时推广人格调查制度和人格矫正制度。     

论刑事政策对刑法理论的影响

本文从刑事政策定义的不同解读入手,通过对欧陆刑法学说史的研究以及对欧陆刑法学行为价值学说的辩证分析,正确阐释了刑事政策对刑法理论的影响及其相互关系。作者认为,现代欧陆刑法学说史证明了刑事政策思想决定刑法理论的走向,而不同国家坚持的不同刑事政策立场决定了一个国家主流刑法理论的选择。同时,刑法理论对刑事政策的制定和推行具有重要影响力或反制作用,我国刑事政策从偏离罪刑法定原则的"严打"刑事政策向"宽严相济"刑事政策的理性回归与转变,正好验证了"刑法是刑事政策不可逾越的藩篱"。     

刑事裁判共识引论

共识理论与刑事裁判在问题的起点与终点、解决认识问题的观念、基本要求等方面都有契合之处,表明将共识理论引入刑事裁判问题中是可行的。刑事裁判共识在主体、对象、程度与形成方法上都有其特殊性。传统价值理论的研究主要存在两个缺陷:一是视野局限;二是深度不够。刑事裁判共识理论与传统价值理论具有一致性,可以统一,但又有所超越,所以能够在一定程度上弥补传统价值理论的缺陷。然而,刑事裁判共识理论也与传统价值理论存在冲突,应当根据情况分别对待。     

犯罪论体系与刑事诉讼模式

大陆法系的阶层式犯罪论体系是职权式诉讼模式的必然要求,其最为核心的目的在于通过控制法官的思维来实现对法官定罪过程的规制.英美法系的对抗式诉讼模式本身便可以有效实现对法官定罪过程的规制,因此,其对犯罪论体系的研究毫无兴致而对辩护制度的研究则情有独钟.与其他国家相比,我国平面封闭式的犯罪论体系与职权式诉讼模式相结合,导致了犯罪论体系不仅没有实现对法官定罪过程的控制,而且还加重了控方的证明负担并限缩了辩方的实体辩护空问.     

本体诠释学与刑法理论发展的多元化

本体诠释学主张诠释者的主观性是无法彻底克服的,解释结论具有主观性、非排他性;理解、解释、应用应该是三位一体的。由于法学理论都是建构在某种假设之上且遵循解释学循环,同一性的刑法理论只能导致视域上的局限以及适用上的困境。在研究刑法理论时,我们应当注重刑法理论研究的多元化以及应用在解释刑法条文中的作用。