对完善中国官员问责制度若干问题的研究

如何建立和完善符合中国国情的官员问责制度有诸多的问题需要进一步深入探索。在问责主体方面,要把同体问责为主改为异体问责为主,确立人民代表大会和广大社会公众的问责主体地位,并以社会公众的知情权加以保障。在问责客体方面,要明确各级党政机关及其工作部门或工作机构领导班子的组成人员为问责的主要客体,明确问责的主要指向应该是政治责任和道义责任,要在党务系统与政务系统之间进行严格的职责划分。在问责程序方面,要扩大问责范围,规范问责标准,完善问责过程,公开问责结果。     

审查起诉中有关证据问题的探讨

检察机关在审查起诉中审查判断证据有特别的价值和意义。检察机关要遵循正确的方法与步骤审查证据的本质和证据的充分性,以辩诉方法审查起诉,排除非法证据,预防和正确对待翻供翻证,从而保证司法公正、公平,提高司法效率。     

Democratic accountability and the changing European political order

This article is about democratic accountability and a Europe struggling to find viable answers to the questions of who and what shall constitute “Europe” and how to develop legitimate political institutions for governing it. The article is, nevertheless, first and foremost about political order and change, rules for living together, the role of democratic politics in society and the relations between political organization and civilized coexistence, and the study of the political. Modern democracies live with unresolved conflict, and accountability regimes are part of an institutional arrangement for preserving order and continuity and also for creating dynamics and change. Accountability processes take place within settled and unsettled orders, and they affect and are affected by existing orders. Without denying the importance of contending interests, power struggles, strategic behaviour, non‐cooperative games, and (re)distributional battles, attention is directed towards the search for unity, political cohesion and solidarity based upon the informed voluntary consent of the people through reflection and reasoned deliberation among individuals with different values, interests, understandings and resources.     

中国民法的现代化与中西法律文化的整合

中国民法的现代化进程,特别是数次编纂民法典的曲折而艰辛经历,印证了中国学习和借鉴西方近现代民法的理性依据,以及中西法律文化整合的历史必然性。从性善与性恶、整体与个体、契约与身份、人情与法律、社会转型与弘扬传统美德等相互排斥又相互关联的法律文化理念和价值体系维度看,民法是保护善意人之法、聚个体间合作之法,民法不能忽视对身份关系的调整,具有辩证的情法观,道德精神是民法内在价值的根基。实现民法和传统文化、民法和现代文明的良性整合,需寻求他们之间的共通处和结合点,建立既尊重人性、彰显权利,又崇尚社会公益、弘扬社会公德的民法新格局。     

论我国商标司法的八个关系——纪念《商标法》颁布30周年

《商标法》的适用需要妥善处理商标立法与司法、强保护与弱保护、内与外、主观与客观、一般与特殊、形式与实质、历史与现实、共识与尝试等八个关系。这些关系反映了商标司法中的基本矛盾和基本问题。把握这些关系和处理好这些问题,对于确保商标法的正确适用和商标案件的裁判具有积极意义。     

Social Justice and the Human–Environment Relationship: Common Systemic, Ideological, and Psychological Roots and Processes

Historical analyses and contemporary social psychological research demonstrate that prevailing systems, institutions, and practices espouse an ideology of conflict between humans and the natural world. The established paradigm of society espouses domination of and separation from the natural environment, and manifests in environmentally detrimental attitudes and practices. Ecological exploitation appears to stem from the same root socioeconomic processes as social injustice—the hierarchical arrangement of power which places some groups and the environment in a position devoid of power or rights. Accordingly, endorsement of social and environmental injustice is exacerbated by tendencies toward domination and hierarchy, such as social dominance orientation and right-wing authoritarianism. Moreover, injustice is perpetuated by motivation to uphold and justify social structures and the dominant paradigm, which stifles societal change toward intergroup fairness and equality and motivates denial and neglect in the face of environmental problems. Ideological tendencies in service of the system, including political conservatism, belief in a just world, and free market ideology, contribute toward perpetuating injustice as well as anti-environmental sentiment and behavior. Considering the shared psychological and ideological underpinnings of social and environmental injustice point to important interventions, such as cultivating interdependence through contact, fostering inclusive representations, and harnessing ideological motives toward overcoming resistance to change, and carry implications for expanding the scope of justice theory, research, and practice.     

我国《公司法》修订中商事连带责任的重构——基于“连带”的历史发展脉络

我国《公司法》存在用连带责任替代连带之债、连带责任与无限责任、补充责任混同使用的现象,给理论与司法实践造成困扰。究其原因是对商事连带责任与民事连带责任的关系界定不清,对公司法中的商事连带责任制度缺乏体系化思考与精细化设计。连带之债起源于罗马法的整体之债,形成于中世纪注释法学的理论抽象,发展于近现代民法。近现代商法将法定原因连带责任引入商事规范,构建了商事连带责任制度。商事连带责任与民法连带之债共同具有给付与清偿的整体性特征,但商事连带责任也具有自身的商事特性。由于商事信义义务的道德标准高于民事诚信义务,商事法定连带责任相对于民事连带责任的适用范围更为广泛。基于商事领域的公司股东有限责任制度,商事连带责任可为有限连带也可为无限连带。我国《公司法》未来的修订应在我国《民法典》连带之债规定的基础上对商事连带责任进行体系化贯通,谨慎设定法定连带责任,厘清连带责任与无限责任的关系,对有限连带责任与无限连带责任、连带清偿责任与补充清偿责任进行细化区分。     

A Two-Way Street for Alcohol Use and Partner Violence: Who’s Driving It?

Using lifetime data from two waves of the National Epidemiologic Surveys on Alcohol and Related Conditions, this study sought to examine sex- and race-specific risks in the temporal relationship between adult onset severe physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization and alcohol misuse (binge drinking) and alcohol use disorders (abuse and dependence) and whether or not childhood trauma moderated these relationships among U.S. non-Hispanic White and Black women and men. IPV predicted most alcohol outcomes among White and Black women and White men. Conversely, binge drinking among White and Black women and alcohol abuse among Black women and men predicted IPV. Childhood trauma moderated the relationship between IPV and alcohol misuse mainly among Black respondents, with an increased risk of either outcome among those without childhood trauma. These findings suggest a reciprocal relationship between IPV victimization and alcohol misuse, with implications for sex- and race-specific prevention and intervention efforts.     

Water resources data and information exchange in transboundary water treaties

Despite international calls for data and information sharing in transboundary waters and basin-specific evidence of its importance to cooperative management, no systematic research has been undertaken to answer questions of where, how frequently, and which water resources data and information are exchanged. This paper examines all available transboundary water agreements signed between 1900 and 2007 to determine the degree to which water resources data and information is exchanged in the world??s regions, how the level of exchange has developed over time, and the different ways in which data and information sharing has been codified in practice. In doing so, we reveal important trends regarding the mechanisms, types, and frequencies of water resources data and information sharing??as well as differences across temporal and spatial scales, by treaty type and function, and regime type. The results indicate that data and information exchange as already practiced is more nuanced and, in some senses, widespread than may commonly be recognized. Further, the results reveal key linkages between democracy and data and information exchange and provide a basis to test analogous linkages related to data sharing and other variables in transboundary water settings.     

论追求人与自然和谐相处的法学理论

实现社会和谐,建设公平社会,始终是人类和法学家孜孜以求的一个崇高理想。和谐社会的基本特征是人与人的关系和谐、人与自然的关系和谐,建设和谐社会就是要正确处理人与人的关系和人与自然的关系、实现人与人的和谐相处和人与自然的和谐相处。正是建设和谐社会的伟大实践及其迫切需求,才促使追求人与自然和谐相处的法学理论即调整论开始在中国法学界诞生、成长和传播。     

Criminal Justice Education and Training in North Carolina: History and Development from 1920 to 1980

This paper examines and analyzes primary and secondary data relative to the history and development of criminal justice education and training in North Carolina for six decades. Emphasis is focused on the early attempts to provide education and training for criminal justice personnel from 1920 to 1940, the expansion and improvement in criminal justice education and training from 1940 to 1960, and the establishment of criminal justice education and training programs in two-year community colleges and technical institutes and four-year senior public and private postsecondary education institutions from 1960 to 1980. In addition to discussing the similarities and differences in the methods utilized by institutions to establish criminal justice education and training programs, this paper discusses the curricula, course offerings, and characteristics of the faculties, as well as internal and external conditions, forces, and factors that influenced the history and development of education and training programs for criminal justice personnel. As a result of the impact of these and various influences from within police departments and individual institutions, educational and governmental state agencies, and from demands and needs of criminal justice personnel and society for better protection and safety, criminal justice education and training programs were in force at 15 two-year community colleges, 30 two-year technical institutes, 10 four-year senior, public institutions, and eight four-year, senior, private institutions in North Carolina in 1978.     

Biodiversity for Sustainable Development: The CBD's Contribution to the MDGs

This article explores the links between biodiversity and sustainable human development, on the one hand, and the globally agreed Millennium Development Goals. In particular, it focuses on the important role and contribution that biodiversity and the 1992 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity can make to ongoing efforts and processes to reduce poverty, hunger, disease and environmental degradation worldwide. Damage to ecosystems, species and habitats, and the loss of biodiversity can and will have a serious impact on human health and development. The future of human development will be closely affected by individual choices and political decisions in industrialized countries. Governments, international financial institutions, the private sector, intergovernmental organizations and non-governmental organizations need to take action to meet their global responsibilities regarding biodiversity conservation, poverty reduction and sustainable development, and their responsibilities to present and future generations.     

中国生态保护和资源开发利用的国际合作法制建设

环境问题既是中国国内的法律问题，也是国际性的法律问题，需要各国采取协调行动来解决。共同但有区别的责任和国际合作，是中国在全球生态和资源开发利用方面坚持的两个基本原则。中国目前采取了签订条约、参与国际和区域环境事务等国际合作措施，发展和完善了确认与保护、鼓励和支持、限制与禁止、敦促与制裁等方面的国际环境合作制度。虽然存在发达国家的经济和技术援助不到位、贸易壁垒隐藏在国际合作机制中、发达国家和周边国家封中国提出的环境要求过于苛刻等问题，但中国的生态保护和资源开发利用国际合作制度的实施，近年来在区域和全球层面仍然取得了很大的成效。     

论邓小平关于接班人的思想

高度重视培养选拔接班人问题,努力造就大批德才兼备的优秀领导干部,是邓小平理论的重要组成部分。党的十一届三中全会以后,邓小平基于对党的干部队伍建设规律和经验教训的深刻认识,着眼党所面临的新的艰巨任务和党的干部队伍的实际状况,不仅反复强调和系统论述了培养选拔接班人的极端重要性与紧迫性,而且提出了培养选拔接班人的根本标准即“革命化、年轻化、知识化、专业化”的基本思路,形成了关于接班人问题的完整思想,为我们党在改革开放和社会主义现代化建设条件下加强培养选拔接班人工作,为顺利推进中国特色社会主义的伟大事业提供坚强有力的组织保证指明了方向。     

构建社会主义和谐社会的法律机制

本文基于对社会主义和谐社会的科学内涵的理解,对法治在构建社会主义和谐社会中的机理和机制性作用的认识,提出构建社会主义和谐社会的10种法律机制,即构筑民主与共和的机制,尊重和保障权利和人权的机制,激发活力和创造的机制,公正合理协调利益的机制,重建确保社会信用的机制,维护生态平衡、天人和谐的机制,保证舆论引导和舆论监督的机制,反腐倡廉、守护认同的机制,定分止争、化解纠纷的机制,建构和谐世界的机制。     

宪法学的知识转型与方法综合——以20世纪90年代以来的学术争论为素材

20世纪90年代以来,是中国宪法学理论体系和研究范式急速发展与嬗变的历史时期,频繁而热烈的学术争论是其显著标志。基于宪法学本体论、知识论和方法论三个维度的学术史考察发现,这20年的宪法学研究呈现出一条以"反思与重述"为基本特征的学术演进脉络,以及研讨主题和范式的两次转换与嬗变。面对持续的社会转型与国家制度建设,中国宪法学需要立足宪法文本和宪政实践来寻求新的共识,发展出一种能够解释中国问题,弥合事实和规范之间缝隙,指引中国宪政建设的知识体系与研究方法。     

浅析操纵证券、期货交易价格罪的有关问题

认定操纵证券、期货交易价格罪,应正确掌握犯罪的主观方面和客观方面,分清罪与非罪的界线及本罪与编造并传播证券、期货交易虚假信息罪的界限。对于共同犯罪和行贿、受贿罪的不同情况,要区别对待,正确定罪。     

建设和谐社会、环境友好社会的法学理论——调整论

介绍调整论的主要内容,阐明法律应不应该、能不能够以及如何调整人与自然关系这三个层次的问题,概括了调整论对主流法理学补充的四个要点,以及对主流法理学进行反思与挑战的四个基本理论领域.认为法律人是作为人与人的关系和人与自然的关系的总和的人;每个人只能通过自身与其他人的关系和自身与自然(环境资源)的关系求生存、求发展、求利益、求幸福;个人通过其行为建立和变革人与人的关系和人与自然的关系,法律既可以规定人对人的行为,也可以规定人对自然物的行为,因而法律既能够调整人与人的关系,也能够调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是指环境资源法根据社会经济规律和自然生态规律,根据人与自然关系的不同类型、特点和社会需要,设立相应的权利、义务、规则和制度去调整人与自然的关系.环境资源法对人与自然关系的调整,是一个渐进的、不断发展的过程,应该与时俱进.环境资源法调整人与自然关系的机制包括其他法律部门的相关调整机制和环境资源专门法所特有的调整机制即生态化调整机制.     

Validated method for the simultaneous determination of Delta9-THC and Delta9-THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and whole blood using solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization

A fully validated, sensitive and specific method for the extraction and quantification of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta(9)-THC (THC-COOH) and for the detection of 11-hydroxy-Delta(9)-THC (11-OH THC) in oral fluid, urine and whole blood is presented. Solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technique were used, with electrospray ionization. Three ions were monitored for THC and THC-COOH and two for 11-OH THC. The compounds were quantified by selected ion recording of m/z 315.31, 329.18 and 343.16 for THC, 11-OH THC and THC-COOH, respectively, and m/z 318.27 and 346.26 for the deuterated internal standards, THC-d(3) and THC-COOH-d(3), respectively. The method proved to be precise for THC and THC-COOH both in terms of intra-day and inter-day analysis, with intra-day coefficients of variation (CV) less than 6.3, 6.6 and 6.5% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.8 and 7.7% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Day-to-day CVs were less than 3.5, 4.9 and 11.3% for THC in saliva, urine and blood, respectively, and 6.2 and 6.4% for THC-COOH in urine and blood, respectively. Limits of detection (LOD) were 2 ng/mL for THC in oral fluid and 0.5 ng/mL for THC and THC-COOH and 20 ng/mL for 11-OH THC, in urine and blood. Calibration curves showed a linear relationship for THC and THC-COOH in all samples (r(2)>0.999) within the range investigated. The procedure presented here has high specificity, selectivity and sensitivity. It can be regarded as an alternative method to GC-MS for the confirmation of positive immunoassay test results, and can be used as a suitable analytical tool for the quantification of THC and THC-COOH in oral fluid, urine and/or blood samples.