20世纪90年代以来美国地方政府行政改革与企业管理理念

19世纪末20世纪初的美国市政改革借鉴成功的企业管理体制,用专业管理人员取代职业政客及其党派机器,确立了现行的市政体制。20世纪90年代初,美国州、市两级政府再次掀起改革高潮,试图将绩效体制和以顾客为导向等成功的企业经营管理理念引入公共管理领域,以革除官僚机构积弊。历史证明,建立真正负责、高效低耗的政府,不但要借鉴成功的企业管理体制,还须借鉴成功的管理理念,进而塑造“企业型”的政府管理文化。     

Reinventing Government: The Case of National Service

When Bill Clinton embraced national service as one of his administration's priorities, he took a step forward on two of his key initiatives. Not only was national service a new initiative in its own right, but Clinton also held it up as a model of his efforts to reinvent government. It would be an exemplar of government that is catalytic, competitive, decentralized, and results oriented. This case study examines the theory and reality of reinvention. The Corporation for National Service and its programs have come under fire for being more political than catalytic, being simultaneously too centralized and too decentralized, and pursuing too many unclear goals. This article seeks to identify discontinuities between the rhetoric and the reality of reinvention in this instance and draw lessons for public-sector reform.     

Revisiting Shapiro: Welfare Magnets and State Residency Requirements in the 1990s

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity ReconciliationAct of 1996 (PRWORA) generated renewed interest in welfare racesto the bottom as states received greater discretion over eligibilitystandards for new residents. Despite U.S. Supreme Court decisionsfinding welfare-residency requirements unconstitutional andmounting empirical evidence that welfare benefits do not attractpoor migrants, state policymakers have enacted welfare-reformplans that treat newcomers differently as authorized in PRWORA.This article reviews the existing research on welfare migration,current state-residency requirements, and central constitutionalissues surrounding such requirements. With the likelihood thatcourts will have the final word on the current round of statewelfare-residency requirements, it is essential that empiricalresearch on welfare magnets examine the issues central to thecases currently moving through the judicial system.     

Reinventing the Proverbs of Government

The field of public administration has a long history of popular reform movements. Many of these reforms have failed to deliver the improvements promised. The current "reinventing government" reforms, which follow largely from the writings of David Osborne and his coauthors, claim to establish a new governmental paradigm based on liberating employees and citizens to do their best and using new management methods to get the most out of what government does. However, a careful analysis of Osborne's chief works, Reinventing Government and Banishing Bureaucracy, reveals that their advice cannot be applied because it is inconsistent. No new paradigm is established, and, more importantly, because of the ahistorical nature of these texts, Osborne proposes discredited ideas for administrative reform and misleads the reader concerning the significance of his observations.     

政府定位——行政改革分析的新角度

如何摆正社会、市场与政府的关系，何者应该发挥主导作用，这两个问题时时刻刻在影响着中国行政改革的进程。为促使中国行政改革能够自觉、稳妥地进行，本文从中国20余年间起伏的改革历程出发，结合国际社会政府定位的基本理论观点、经验和教训，在否定政府决定论和市场决定论的基础上，断定采取国家社会组合模式，尽管会阻力重重，但这可能是中国政府定位惟一正确的形式，也是中国行政改革的方向。     

论县级政府行政改革的战略选择

改革战略的正确选择是县级政府行政改革实现历史性突破的前提。未来的县级政府行政改革必须走出纯粹的组织变革层面,进入组织变革、职能变革与政治变革三重良性互动的全面变革时代。在中央与地方、政府与党委的纵横关系中,增加县级政府在行政改革中的自主性和县域公共利益的代表性,依据县域特殊性寻求政府职能与机构的合理性,变革权力结构,形成政府与社会良好合作的善治格局,是新时期县级政府改革与发展的战略选择。     

中国政府行政改革的“两难抉择”及其应对理路

在推进现代化的历史进程中,后发展国家在不同的发展阶段上都会面临国家与社会、政府与市场“两难抉择”所引发的多种公共政策困境。在“第三步”发展战略时期,中国政府行政改革所面临的政策困境及其应对理路主要集中在五个方面,即大政府与小政府、强政府与弱政府、大众政府与精英政府、国际化政府与本土化政府、经济政府与均衡政府。     

Civic Culture and Government Performance in the American States

In a recent study, Robert D. Putnam reported a strong relationshipbetween civic culture and government performance among the newlyempowered regions of Italy. This article extends Putnam's methodologythe American states. Using similar techniques, we constructindices of civic culture and government performance for thestates. When correlated, the results reveal a clear link betweencivicness and performance. States that are more civic lend tohave governments that enact more liberal and innovative policies.This relationship between civicness and performance remainsstrong even after controlling for political culture, ideology,education, and other factors.     

美国政府会计改革及启示

20世纪,美国政府会计改革经历了州和地方政府会计及联邦会计两条独立的改革路径,前者经历了3次改革浪潮,后者成功地解决了机构问题和概念问题。他山之石,可以攻玉。探讨美国政府会计改革历程,总结其得失,可为我国预算会计改革和政府会计体系建构提供宝贵的经验。     

Leadership in Local Government Reform: Strategic Direction v Administrative Compliance

This paper reports on a survey across 26 Victorian local councils which assessed the impact of local government reform – boundary restructuring – compulsory competitive tendering, across-the-board rate cuts and rate capping, on the management and organisation of local government organisations in that state. It highlights the fact that leadership, planning and performance management is essential in responding to these reforms. It also reveals thatsome councils have been able to assist employees to make the shift to an outcomes-oriented deliverer of local services while others have made much less progress and are still focused on the traditional, compliance-oriented culture of local government administration.     

重塑政府文化:推进行政体制改革的重要思路

政府是政治权力主体的承载者,政府自身的文明程度是政治文明的重要标志.从政治文化的角度考察行政体制改革,可以使人关注那些行政规制背后的主观制约因素,并有助于清理那些影响着政府官员"行政行为"的内在动因.可以说,重塑政府文化对于行政体制改革具有重要的促进作用.     

乡镇政府行政管理职能与机构改革

市县乡机构改革是2001年全国改革工作总框架的重要组成部分.本文着重就乡镇政府行政管理职能与机构改革问题,从职能定位,存在的问题,改革的必要性和指导思想及探索改革的途径等四个方面进行了探讨.     

20世纪90年代以来政府职能转变述评

本把政府职能转变界定为三个方面：政府职能总量的调适变化、政府职能结构调整和政府职能实现手段的变化。其后，把它们分解业政府与企业、政府与市场、政府与社会、经济政策工具和政府机构改革五个变量，探讨20世纪90年代以来中国政府职能转变的历史进程。最后，简短概括了转变职能中存在的问题。     

The Quality of Management and Government Performance: An Empirical Analysis of the American States

Government performance is an enduring concern for students of public management, public administration, and political science. Government's administrative arrangements and managerial behavior can profoundly influence programmatic content, activities, and outcomes; therefore, considering public management's effects is necessary for a true understanding of public policy and government performance. This article uses data from the Maxwell School's Government Performance Project to examine the relationship between state governments' managerial capacity and a measure of government performance (specifically, state policy priorities). We find that state management capacity has direct effects on state policy commitments: States possessing higher levels of management capacity tend to favor programmatic areas that distribute societal benefits widely (that is, collective benefits) as opposed to narrowly (that is, particularized benefits). Our analysis demonstrates that public interest group activity, government ideology, and citizen ideology each have significant, predictable effects on state policy commitments. Thus, our findings place managerial capacity alongside other more commonly studied state characteristics as an important influence on government activities.     

综合行政执法改革与构建政府绩效评估制度

西方国家在政府绩效评估上的成功经验无疑为我国政府改革实践和政府公共管理研究开拓了新的视野,可资借鉴。在行政执法部门实行绩效评估,对于提高行政执法效率,降低行政执法成本,健全完善监督制约机制,建立权责明确、行为规范、监督有效、保障有力的执法体制具有重大的理论和实践意义。     

国家行政改革与政府权力的规范运行

行政改革是国家政治体制改革的重要组成部分。在我国现实条件下 ,行政改革是政府权力规范运行和高效运作的条件和保证。适应新形势新任务 ,我国必须深化行政改革 ,以取得显著的行政成就 ,推动国家现代化建设。