关于我国反垄断立法中的几个问题

制定反垄断法是完善我国市场经济法律体系的极为重要的一环 ,我国的反垄断立法宜采用分立式 ,反垄断法的规则内容应当包括 :行政垄断行为 ;严重限制竞争的横向协议和纵向协议 ;以排除、限制竞争为目的的企业合并行为 ;滥用市场支配地位的行为 ;不适用反垄断法的若干领域。反垄断法的主管机构应为具有高度权威性和独立性的准司法机构。     

行业协会限制竞争行为的法律调整——解读《反垄断法》对行业协会的规制

对企业间垄断协议进行规制是各国反垄断法的三大支柱内容之一,而行业协会组织成员企业进行限制竞争的活动是最容易形成企业联合行为的。由于行业协会的特点,使其反竞争行为存在一定的隐蔽性,对市场竞争机制造成的损害可能更为严重。《反垄断法》针对市场经济运行中行业协会功能发生偏差的现状,对行业协会限制竞争行为作了较为严厉的规定。但要有效实施《反垄断法》对行业协会的规制,还需要明确行业协会限制竞争行为的认定条件,并建立相关的法律责任制度。     

行政性限制竞争行为的法律规制

行政垄断是我国《反垄断法》立法过程中颇有争议的难题。以往对该问题的研究仅局限于将其视为我国反垄断法特有的问题 ,事实上 ,反对行政性限制竞争行为是各国反垄断法都可能面临的任务 ,更是经济体制转轨国家反垄断法的重要任务和特色。文章在深入剖析反垄断法对行政性限制竞争行为进行规范的必要性、合理性的基础上 ,就我国反垄断法如何规范行政性限制竞争行为提出了具体的、可操作性的立法建议。     

论反垄断法对政府行为的豁免

限制和促进竞争是政府不可或缺的两种权力,反垄断法对政府限制竞争行为的豁免制度确定了这两类国家力量的基本界限。本文通过研究各国反垄断法的立法和实践,提出反垄断法对政府限制竞争行为豁免的基本法律原则和具体内容,并指出中国反垄断法在具体实施的过程中,应当进一步关注的理念和细节。     

论联合限制竞争行为的法律规制--《中华人民共和国反垄断法(草拟稿)》的相关部分评析

联合限制竞争行为是一种反竞争性质非常明显的非结构性垄断行为 ,禁止联合限制竞争行为制度是反垄断法中最受关注、制裁也最严厉的部分。 2 0 0 3年 1 0月的《中华人民共和国反垄断法 (草拟稿 )》对联合限制竞争行为的界定与构成、横向限制与纵向限制、豁免规定以及处理原则和程序制度等问题进行了规制。与其他国家和地区的反垄断法相比 ,这些规定还要作相应的调整。     

反垄断法视野中的低于成本价销售行为

反垄断法规范限制竞争的低于成本价销售行为虽然在一定程度上限制了市场主体的经营自主权 ,但却维护了竞争机制 ,有利于实现社会整体利益最大化。试图从现有的法律规定出发来研究反垄断法规范低于成本价销售行为的一些具体问题 ,揭示出反垄断法并不是禁止所有的低于成本价销售行为 ,而只是禁止具有市场支配地位或者经济优势的企业从事目的在于限制竞争 ,行为后果已经限制或可能限制竞争的低于成本价销售行为 ,防止竞争执法机构陷入禁止所有低于成本价销售行为的执法误区     

美国反托拉斯法上的行业协会

行业协会在促进经济发展的同时,为了成员的利益,往往实施各种限制竞争的行为,如固定价格、分割市场、联合抵制、标准化活动、禁止成员发布广告等,这些行为本质上属限制竞争协议的一种类型,受反垄断法调整。美国反托拉斯法上主要适用本身违法规则、合理规则、快速审查规则进行分析。由于行业协会具有特殊的公共职能,比一般的限制竞争协议具有更多合理因素,因而更多地适用合理规则,而本身违法规则的适用范围则有限。     

行业协会限制竞争行为的责任制度研究

我国《反垄断法》第46条对行业协会限制竞争行为的责任规定十分粗疏,重构责任体系实属必要。我国行业协会限制竞争行为的责任制度不应仅仅限于行政责任,而且还应当包括民事责任、刑事责任和自律责任。此外,责任追究应当根据行业协会、成员企业以及理事会在组织和实施限制竞争行为中所扮演的角色而应有所区别对待,同时执法机关有权根据行业协会及其成员企业配合检查的态度和情形而宽严相济。     

滥用相对支配地位行为的法律规制研究

反垄断法的主要任务之一就是规制具有市场支配地位的企业滥用优势的行为,但随着网络型产业和技术的发展,具有相对支配地位的企业滥用该优势限制竞争的行为也被纳入了反垄断法的视野。滥用相对支配地位的行为在损害公平自由的竞争秩序上同样具有很大的危害性,应当受到竞争法的规制。发达国家和地区成熟的相关竞争立法,为我国提供了大量有价值的立法理论和可供借鉴的实践经验。我国反垄断法的颁布,使得我国对这种行为的规制有了法律依据。     

析德国竞争法对企业市场优势的规范

析德国竞争法对企业市场优势的规范邵建东德国实行社会市场经济制度。在这种制度下，企业与企业之间普遍存在有效的竞争。德国的反垄断法－－《反限制竞争法》（以下简称《法》）旨在规范企业的竞争行为，制止和防止企业从事非法的限制竞争行为，维护竞争机制的正常运行。...     

The joint venture alternative to mergers

However, while a joint venture may be "safe" from antitrust challenge, it is not without some practical difficulties, especially with respect to consolidating services at one location or jointly offering services provided at multiple facilities. These practical concerns include: 1. Who will exercise operational management of the joint venture? 2. How will the joint venture deal with different pricing for services that will be provided at multiple locations? 3. What criteria will be used to decide the location at which consolidated tertiary services will be offered? 4. In what circumstances can the joint venture be unwound, either in its entirety or as to discrete functions? When clinical services have been consolidated at one location, there is an appropriate concern by the other hospital that it will be unable to provide or re-enter the market for those services if the joint venture dissolves. These operational concerns, of course, are not addressed in the Consent Decree. Thus, even if a joint venture relationship survives antitrust scrutiny, the parties must still negotiate and resolve these operational issues in order for the joint venture to be viable.     

Joint Venture Regulation under European Competition Laws: An Update

Abstract:  This article examines the European approach to joint venture regulation. It updates previous analysis by examining the impact of modernisation reforms on joint venture regulation in Europe. It is argued that although the changes on the whole are conducive to joint venture activity, problematic aspects of regulation were either unaddressed, or could be provoked by, the reform. In particular, the substantive and procedural divide in legal treatment of 'concentrative' and 'cooperative' joint venture arrangements continues to engender some difficulty.     

对合资经营相关法律问题的几点思考

对于“JOINTVENTURE”,应突破仅从企业形态对其认识的藩篱,其实质上是一种直接投资方式,译为合资经营,指两个或更多主体共同致力于一项特定商业事业的结合。国家投资政策与投资法律的要求、外国投资者的天然劣势、分散风险与争取待遇上的优惠等诸多因素促使了合资经营的产生与发展。但我国在利用合资经营这种投资方式时视野较狭窄、立法欠缺统一性且诸多规定与实际不符。建议取消以三资企业法为主体的外资法群,将合资经营直接规定于统一的外资法典的投资形式一章,而合资经营的具体法律形式,则交由相应的国内部门法调整。     

论中外合作经营企业的法律性质及法律特征

国际投资企业形式包括股权式合营企业和契约式合营企业两种。从中外合作经营企业产生的背景分析，它是在中国具体国情中独创出来的一种企业形式，其法律性质在于它是对中外合资经营企业法的灵活变通，这种变通表现在其法律特征之中。中外合作经营企业各方权利义务虽不尽相同，但仍符合平等互利的法律原则和国际惯例。     

从中外合营企业到中外合资公司: 内部组织机构体制的多样化

现行中外合营企业组织机构体制有其利弊。涉及中外合资公司组织机构体制有两种立法取向：保证公司决策的效率、质量及公正性;或强化股东“共同经营”,从而达到合资各方“优势互补”的目的。在这两种立法政策的主导下,中外合资公司应采取多样化的组织机构模式,以使中外投资者拥有选择各种公司组织机构形式的自主权。     

Intellectual property issues in joint ventures and collaborations

Legal context: The IP issues involved in forming, operating, and (inevitably)terminating a joint venture or collaboration are much more numerousthan would typically apply to a straightforward investment inan organic growth, or on a merger or acquisition. The pitfallsare also more insidious. Key points: The author approaches the topic within the commercial context,discussing the commercial rationale behind joint ventures andcollaborations and the life cycle of a joint venture or collaboration. The article explores the four key stages of a joint ventureor collaboration: (1) pre-contract stage: confidentiality andtrade secrets; due diligence; structural considerations; (2)formation stage: assignment and licensing of existing rights;the terms of transfer; valuation of IP contributions; (3) durationstage: future contribution of existing and future backgroundrights; ownership and exploitation of foreground rights; maintenanceand protection of rights; and (4) termination stage: providingfor both unexpected and expected events. The article also provides advice as to avoiding the pitfallsof joint ownership: understanding the differences between jurisdictions;potential problems; and avoiding the banana skins. Practical significance: Joint ventures and collaborations are widely used across a rangeof industry sectors, but particularly high-tech sectors, suchas pharma/bio, information technology, and communications, inwhich IP rights are particularly important. Parties consistently cite the loss of background IP rights asa major risk in joint venture collaborations, and dealing withIP that is generated in the course of a joint venture or collaborationcan also present particular problems, particularly if it isto be used or owned jointly by more than one party.     

Strategy first in international joint ventures

International technology- based joint ventures are proliferating despite their inherent complexity and high risk of failure. US firms continue to employ international joint ventures as a vehicle for collaborative research and development (R & D); foreign investors prefer the joint venture for investing in the emerging market economies of Eastern Europe. Tipping the balance in favor of successful joint ventures requires a strategic approach from the very advent of entering into an international R&D arrangement: an approach in which clear objectives are set and alternative ways to reach these objectives are systematically evaluated. Several frameworks are presented that clarify and facilitate the decisionmaking process during the initial phases of considering a joint venture in which project objectives are developed, alternative R&D arrangements are evaluated, and potential partners are identified and eventually selected.     

The Welfare Effects of Research and Production Joint Ventures

This paper develops a model to analyze behavior and welfare effects of a research and production joint venture (JV). In the model, a research dollar is more productive if spent in the joint venture because it increases the achievable probability of new product introduction. This efficiency of research and production joint ventures offsets, to some degree, the loss due to higher consumer prices. For some parameter configurations and joint venture membership rules, research and production joint ventures yield higher social welfare than research-only joint ventures (RJVs). This contrasts with some of the industrial organization literature on research collaboration and with traditional antitrust views.     

论我国外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性--兼论合同审批制度与合同自由原则的冲突

我国外商投资企业法规定,申请设立中外合资经营企业或中外合作经营企业必须提交中外合资 经营企业合同或中外合作经营企业合同,由审批机关进行审批。从实证的角度出发,分别从该制 度的成因及其实施二十余年的绩效以及对其他国家的相关制度的考察等角度分析论证我们现行 外商投资企业合同审批制度的不合理性,并根据合同自由原则的基本原理,提出尽快修改该制度 的立法建议。     

The Formation of High-Tech University Spinouts: The Role of Joint Ventures and Venture Capital Investors

We explore the joint venture route to commercializing university owned intellectual property. We present comparisons between two spinouts formed as joint ventures between universities and industrial partners and two spinouts where this was not the case. The research employs a resource-based framework, with new high tech spinout firms (or firms in gestation) facing severe resource and capability constraints. We show that spinouts typically lack the financial means and managerial expertise to acquire the resources and develop the capabilities they need in order to fully exploit the commercial potential of their technologies. We argue that creating a spinout company as a joint venture with an industrial partner, may be a means of overcoming some of the potential problems associated with managing resource weaknesses and inadequate capabilities that may be difficult to achieve as a free-standing spin-out company with or without venture capital backing.