54例氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案件的法医学分析

目的观察分析氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案件的法医学表现,以期提高氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的检验鉴定。方法收集54例氯化琥珀胆碱中毒案例,通过病理学、毒理学变化及案件特点进行回顾性分析,观察氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的检验鉴定规律。结果氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的病理学表现以急性肺淤血、肺水肿等一般猝死改变为主,部分死者心肌排列紊乱及断裂。死者心血中均检见琥珀胆碱成分,皮肤组织部分检见琥珀胆碱成分。结论氯化琥珀胆碱中毒具有死亡快、手段隐蔽、难以抢救、易漏检等特点。对于猝死案件、死因可疑案件应将氯化琥珀胆碱作为常规检验指标,防止此类案件的未检或漏检。     

超高效液相色谱-质谱法分析人全血中的氯化琥珀胆碱

目的建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱法（UPLC-MS/MS）测定氯化琥珀胆碱的方法。方法空白血中加入氯化琥珀胆碱标准溶液,经pH8氨水稀释后,涡旋离心,上清液过混合型弱阳离子交换柱（WCX）进行纯化,采用UPLCMS/MS检测。质谱检测采用正离子扫描,多反应离子监测模式（MRM）。以氯化琥珀胆碱母离子145.1（m/z）和子离子93.6及115.6（m/z）定性、定量。结果全血中氯化琥珀胆碱的回收率在75%~87%,日内和日间RSD均小于15%,最小检出限为0.01ng/mL。结论应用该方法对多起实际案例进行了检验,证明该方法快速、简便、灵敏,适用于氯化琥珀胆碱中毒的毒物学检验。     

离子色谱法分析生物检材中的氯化琥珀胆碱

目的建立离子色谱法检验氯化琥珀胆碱分析方法。方法运用离子交换色谱使离子在分析柱中达到分离,采用电导检测器检测。结果实验的生物检材中准确检出琥珀胆碱及其它离子（Na^＋、NH4^＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋和Ca^2＋等离子）。结论该方法简便快捷,结果准确,可用于案件检验。     

UPLC-Q-TOF MS用于毒物的快速筛查——以实际检案为视角

目的建立在无需标准品对照的情况下,运用超高效液相色谱串联四级杆飞行时间高分辨质谱对法医毒物的快速筛查和确证的方法。方法以呋喃丹、敌敌畏、百草枯、氯化琥珀胆碱为例,样品经过液液萃取离心后上清液经SPE小柱净化,再上机测试,并采用信息依赖性(IDA)扫描,采用高分辨一级母离子进行定量。结果死鸡的鸡肫中检出呋喃丹、鱼塘水池中检出敌敌畏、南瓜叶中检出百草枯、狗血中检出氯化琥珀胆碱,四种毒物在浓度范围0.5～500μg/kg范围内线性关系良好,相关系数为0.999以上,仪器检出限(S/N=3)为0.2μg/kg,定量限(S/N=10)为0.5μg/kg,在5、50、100μg/kg 3个添加水平的回收率为73.4%～98.9%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.4%(n=6)。结论该方法简便快捷、准确灵敏,可以满足法医毒物的快速筛查和确证的要求。     

芬那露检验1例

芬那露 (Chlormethazanone)具有弱安定及肌肉松弛作用 ,用于精神紧张恐惧、精神性神经病、慢性疲劳等症状的治疗 ,服用多量可引起嗜睡、潮红、药疹抑郁等副反应。其分子式为 :C11H12 ClNO3 S ,分子量为 2 73,结构式见图 1。目前我国刑事技术领域内该类药物的相关检验报告少见 ,     

死刑行刑面面观

虽然世界上有一半的国家都容许死刑的存在,但近年来普遍倾向于以更人道的方式处死犯人。目前世界上被普遍采用的行刑方式主要有以下几种——静脉注射:向死刑犯的静脉中连续注射致命的药剂。犯人躺在行刑椅子上,脚踝、腿、手腕、胸部和头部都被绑住。犯人的身上连有心脏监视器。行刑人一般给犯人注射麻醉剂——使犯人失去知觉,肌肉松弛剂——使犯人的心肺松弛,剧毒的氯化钾使心脏停止跳动。     

琥珀胆碱及其代谢物琥珀单胆碱的检验

目的建立液质联用分析琥珀胆碱和琥珀单胆碱的检验方法。方法通过动物实验,采集死前血液与死后心脏血;通过优化色谱-质谱分析条件以及进样顺序,实现了空白干扰物与代谢物的有效分离。结果首次检验了中毒死亡检材中的琥珀单胆碱,并分析琥珀胆碱与琥珀单胆碱的丰度比例以及通过实际案例推断体内琥珀单胆碱的来源。结论提出了必须将琥珀单胆碱列入琥珀胆碱中毒案件的毒物检验目标,可以大大提高生物检材阳性检出率。     

大案速览

琥珀能源电厂遭起诉 3月3日晚问．琥珀能源宣布，旗下全资附属公司琥珀燃机热电有限公司即安吉电门，于近日收到起诉书。     

尿液中氯美扎酮及其代谢产物的GC/MS检验1例

氯美扎酮（Chlormezanone,CHZ）又名芬那露、氯甲唑酮、氯苯甲酮等。分子式C11H12CLNO3S,分子量285.45,化学结构式见图1。纯品为白色结晶性粉末,熔点116℃～118℃。有杏仁气味,味微苦,难溶于水,微溶于乙醇,易溶于丙酮、氯仿。氯美扎酮是一种抗焦虑药物,因其具有抗焦虑、催眠和肌肉松弛作用,临床上主要用于治疗焦虑状态,以及由焦虑不安和某些疾病引起的失眠和恐惧等症。     

兽类麻醉药赛拉嗪用于麻醉抢劫案件1例

赛拉嗪,又称甲苄噻嗪,英文名称Xylazine,分子式为C12H16N2S,纯品为无色晶体,是一种具有双环结构的化合物,有杏仁味,易溶于水、乙醇和甲醇,微溶于乙醚和氯仿。有镇痛、镇静和肌肉松弛作用,常见的兽用麻醉剂鹿眠宁的主要成分即是赛拉嗪。     

Thermogravimetric analysis as a polymer identification technique in forensic applications

This paper investigates the potential of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) as a tool for determination of different species of polymers. Materials analyzed include polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), polystyrene, polypropylene, nitriles, and nylon. Analyses showed excellent discriminating results even when samples were contaminated with silicates, organics, moisture, and char. The techniques developed were designed with a forensic-type analysis in mind, such as analysis of blast fragments and arson debris. Techniques were developed that gave satisfactory results even when sample sizes were less than five milligrams.     

Multivariate Classification of Original and Fake Perfumes by Ion Analysis and Ethanol Content

The increased marketing of fake perfumes has encouraged us to investigate how to identify such products by their chemical characteristics and multivariate analysis. The aim of this study was to present an alternative approach to distinguish original from fake perfumes by means of the investigation of sodium, potassium, chloride ions, and ethanol contents by chemometric tools. For this, 50 perfumes were used (25 original and 25 counterfeit) for the analysis of ions (ion chromatography) and ethanol (gas chromatography). The results demonstrated that the fake perfume had low levels of ethanol and high levels of chloride compared to the original product. The data were treated by chemometric tools such as principal component analysis and linear discriminant analysis. This study proved that the analysis of ethanol is an effective method of distinguishing original from the fake products, and it may potentially be used to assist legal authorities in such cases.     

The effect of chlorine and hydrogen chloride on latent fingermark evidence

Exposure of forensic evidence to either hydrogen chloride or chlorine can result in acidification to such an extent that enhancement of fingermarks with ninhydrin or cyanoacrylate is inhibited. Under these circumstances, pretreatment of samples with volatile bases such as triethylamine or ethanolamine prior to using these enhancement techniques can lead to successful visualization of fingermarks. Alternatively, physical enhancement techniques such as powder dusting or small particle reagent can be used on acidified non-porous substrates, although the former technique is subject to increased background under such conditions.     

苯丙胺类气相色谱分析前衍生化条件筛选

目的筛选适合于苯丙胺类气相色谱分析的衍生化试剂,同时寻找最佳衍生化条件。方法选择乙酸酐、三氟乙酸酐、3,5-二硝基苯甲酰氯3种衍生化试剂,以气相色谱作为检测方法,比较在不同的衍生条件下(加热方式、微波功率、时间等)的衍生效果。结果获得3种不同衍生化产物的气相色谱分析结果,得出苯丙胺类经乙酸酐乙酰化,于微波Ⅱ档衍生反应3min,衍生化反应完全满意的结果。结论在适当条件下选用乙酸酐对苯丙胺类进行完全的衍生化反应,适用于该类毒品的定量分析。     

Biochemical investigation of vitreus: applications in forensic medicine, especially in relation to alcohol

Vitreus biochemistry is useful in subjects dying with uraemia, dehydration, hyponatraemia; and in the presence of osmotically active substances such as alcohol and drugs. Useful tests include sodium, potassium, chloride, urea, creatinine, osmolality, osmolar gap estimation and ethanol. The significance of calcium, magnesium, zinc, copper, pH, phosphate and urate is still not clear. Transaminases and lactate dehydrogenase are found to be significantly raised; these may be associated with sudden release of hyalocyte contents at death.     

Fingerprint reagents with dual action: color and fluorescence

We define "dual fingerprint reagents" as chemical formulations that produce with latent fingerprints in one stage impressions that are both colored and fluorescent. Solutions containing ninhydrin and group IIb metal salts appear to be true dual reagents. Application of these formulations to latent fingerprints on paper is as efficient as the two-step process beginning with ninhydrin and followed by treatment with metal salt. In the color mode, fingerprint detectability with the two ninhydrin-metal salt reagents (one with zinc chloride and the other with cadmium chloride) is comparable with that of ninhydrin itself, in spite of the difference in color. The sensitivity is significantly higher in the fluorescence mode. To view the latent impressions the exhibits are treated with ninhydrin-metal salt reagents and observed under white light illumination and under fluorescence conditions. Cooling to liquid nitrogen temperature enhances the fluorescence considerably. In the shorter wavelength domain, ninhydrin-metal salt reagents exhibit higher sensitivity than the recently reported dual reagent, genipin. The latter is advantageous, however, in the longer wavelength domain, on paper items with strong self-fluorescence, such as brown wrapping paper or paper printed with fluorescent ink. Upon reduction of the ninhydrin concentration 10-fold, ninhydrin-metal salt formulations become purely fluorogenic reagents; no color is noticed but the fluorescence is as intense as with concentrated solutions. Working at lower concentrations is an advantage from ecological and economical viewpoints.     

Sensitivity enhancement of ninhydrin-treated latent fingerprints by enzymes and metal salts

Lyophilized Sigma Type III trypsin has been applied to latent prints two weeks to two months old. This trypsin preparation eliminates the background problems that had been encountered with old prints in a previous study. Zinc chloride treatment of latent prints previously exposed to ninhydrin enhances their detectability upon laser examination. However, it has been reported that the zinc chloride reaction occasionally fails to occur. Accordingly, we have investigated the optimization of this reaction. We find that high humidity and elevated temperature, particularly the former, are needed. Cadmium nitrate, although it produces weaker fluorescence than zinc chloride, may at times be useful. Reaction conditions are much the same as those for zinc chloride.     

Accidental methylene chloride fatality

A case of accidental methylene chloride poisoning by inhalation is presented. The methylene chloride concentration in post-mortem blood was 29.8 mg% as determined by a headspace gas-chromatography technique. The accidental death was attributed to improper ventilation of vapors.     

The analysis of quaternary ammonium compounds in human urine by direct inlet electron impact ionization mass spectrometry.

An accurate and rapid screening test for nine quaternary ammonium compounds (suxamethonium chloride, pancuronium bromide, ambenonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, distigmine bromide, methylbenactyzium bromide, neostigmine bromide, propantheline bromide and pyridostigmine bromide) by direct inlet electron impact ionization mass spectrometry (DI/EI-MS) was investigated. Each compound was extracted from urine as an ion pair with KI3 into dichloromethane. The reliability of the identification of these compounds was verified by the mass chromatographic analysis of their characteristic fragment ions. The analysis of these drugs by DI/EI-MS could be performed within 5 min. The detection limits were between 20-150 ng/ml for the nine compounds. This method appears to be efficient, rapid and suitable as a screening procedure for the quaternary ammonium compounds found in urine.