The Politics of Appointment and the Federal Courts'Role in Regulating America: U.S. Courts of Appeals Judgeships from T.R. to F.D.R.

Historians and political scientists have noted that appointments of judges to the U.S. Courts of Appeals are not determined by senatorial courtesy alone. What has not been adequately explained is why and when a president defers to a senator's choice rather than seek to control the selection. This article attempts to understand the politics of federal appellate court appointments. The author first identifies a major change in the work of the courts of appeals during the years 1900-1945—the growth in review of the actions of newly created federal regulatory agencies. Then, by examining Justice Department files and presidential correspondence, he discoveres three patterns of appointment emerging in the same period. The patterns vary with presidential perceptions of the role of the federal government and of the courts of appeals' ability to affect accomplishment of administration goals. Appointments during the first years of the presidencies of Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt and during the Harding and Coolidge administrations were dominated by patronage concerns. Those administrations yielded to the recommendations of senators and demonstrated no interest in the policy-making potential of these courts. In the two other patterns the White House played a more active role, with senators more often deferring to the president's selection. Concerns about professionalism dominated selections in Taft's and Hoover's administrations: because they recognized the policy importance of those judgeships but saw the role of government as limited, they sought judicial craftsmen who would make policy only incrementally. Policy concerns dominated selections during Wilson's administration and the latter years of both the Roosevelts' administrations: Justice Department officials screened nominees to determine their policy orientation, because federal appellate court judgeships were perceived as crucial policy positions that could affect the president's ability to implement his reform programs.     

美国版权担保权益完善中的联邦法优先原则探析

在版权担保权益完善问题上,美国版权法与美国《统一商法典》的规定各不相同。从制定法的角度来看,美国联邦版权法优先于州法既有宪法依据,又有《统一商法典》自身的遵从条款。美国法院在审判实践中体现并深化了与制定法精神相一致的联邦法优先原则。     

An Analysis of Policy‐Based Congressional Responses to the U.S. Supreme Court's Constitutional Decisions

While Congress can attempt to overrule constitutional decisions of the Supreme Court by initiating the constitutional amendment process, an amendment is rarely a practicable option. Instead, Congress regularly tries to modify the impact of constitutional decisions with ordinary legislation. I analyze policy‐based responses to the Supreme Court's constitutional decisions that were initiated in Congress between 1995 and 2010. For each responsive proposal, I consider the relationship between the proposed legislation and the Court's legal holding and the relationship between the proposal and the public policy associated with the Court's decision. I find that Congress enjoys considerable success in reversing the policy impacts of the Court's decisions but is limited in its ability to overcome the Court's legal rules.     

从美国专利法规定的“Bolar Exception”引发的思考——兼评中国专利法第十一条的适用

美国专利法第271条(e)(1)规定了"Bolar Exception",我国现行专利法第11条的规定赋予了专利权人的排他权,将美国与我国的规定进行比较研究,对专利权人行使排他权时需要满足的四个法定条件进行分析,排他权应限制在市场竞争的环境下,并对我国立法提出了建议.     

对美国联邦最高法院有关外国人人身保护令的判例研究

对外国人来说,可否向居留国法院申请人身保护令是他们能否享有基本人权的重要标志之一.这是因为外国人对被关押国的法律、政治、经济、社会、文化等各方面了解有限,更难运用法律手段保护自己的正当利益,而美国联邦最高法院在保护这个群体方面有着不可替代的作用.在外国人人身保护令这一问题上,美国联邦最高法院的判例体现了对宪法的尊重,维护了司法独立,该法院在案件审理过程中所表现出的严格的推理和缜密逻辑有着很重要的借鉴意义.     

论法人的基本权利主体地位

美国宪法并没有规定公司是基本权利主体,美国联邦最高法院在很多判例中亦认定美国宪法的特权与豁免条款不适用于公司。宪法第14修正案通过后,尤其是自19世纪80年代以来,美国联邦最高法院逐渐将宪法的保护扩大适用于公司,使得公司成为某些宪法基本权利的主体。这一转变迎合了美国经济发展的需要,使得国内统一大市场的建立成为可能。本文借鉴美国的宪法实践,细致梳理了公司作为基本权利主体的相关理论。     

刑法修正案之立法质量的实证考察

立法质量是审查立法好坏程度的一个标准。对于《刑法修正案》而言,判断它的立法质量,必须从形式合理性与实质合理性两方面进行。通过对核心概念的操作化,根据修正的必要性与前瞻性两个变量检测立法对于形式合理性的实现程度。根据罪刑法定原则的明确性与罪刑相适应原则的犯罪严重性程度与刑罚严厉性程度进行对应比较,检测立法对于实质合理性的实现程度。通过对以此设计的立法质量检测指标体系的实际操作,发现《刑法修正案》的立法质量基本上满足形式合理性与实质合理性的要求,但在刑法的前瞻性与罪刑相适应两方面还需要进一步完善。另外,检测结果表明,刑法修正过程的理性程度不高,需要立法者警惕。     

历史、程序、组织——美国联邦上诉法院制度之分析

美国联邦上诉法院是最成功的上诉法院制度范例之一.本文通过历史的、程序的以及组织的三种视角对其展开分析,揭示其特殊的历史成因,以及内在程序与组织结构在案件负荷不断增长的外部压力下,如何进行调整,并维持法律审的基本功能和价值不变.     

How an Elite-Engineered Moral Panic Led to the U.S. War on Iraq

Critics argue that the G.W. Bush administration deliberately misled the U.S. public about an Iraqi threat after 9/11 but empirical evidence that presidential deception influenced public support for war has been lacking. An examination of presidential rhetoric concerning Iraq in the U.S. media revealed that it changed in tone after 9/11, consistent with moral panic processes. Logistic regression analysis of public opinion leading up to the war revealed that shifts in support for invasion directly mirrored presidential rhetoric. The findings of this study suggest that the Bush administration engineered a moral panic over Iraq with the support of the media.     

美国远程教育的新法律——Teach法案的重要性及其意义

2002年10月4日,美国国会颁布了《技术、教育和版权协调法案》,即通常所指的“Teach法案”,本文主要概括了Teach法案规定的新的使用标准和使用要求,对法案条文通常以理解为主而不是原文引用。因此本文分别阐述了新法案可能带来的有利之处及各种各样的适用条件,以期能对教育机构以及其他希望理解和适用该法案的人有所帮助。本文还提出了一些战略性策略和实施方法的建议,以供教育机构参考。总而言之,本文将列举Teach法案的有利之处,对法案的适用条件按照学院或大学在实施时应负的义务分为三类:教育计划制订者应负的义务;信息技术人员应负的义务;教育机构工作人员或其他成员应负的义务。     

论美国公司法董事的权利与义务

美国公司法对董事的权利与义务规定得最为周全、具体 ,可供我国立法借鉴。     

Race-Based Peremptory Challenges: An Empirical Analysis of Litigation from the U.S. Court of Appeals, 2002–2006

This paper examines race-based peremptory challenges. Such challenges occur during the voir dire jury selection process. The process allows both the defense and the prosecution to strike jurors who they believe will not decide cases fairly. However, in the case of Batson v. Kentucky 476 U.S. 79 (1986), the Supreme Court ruled that race could not be used as a factor in eliminating prospective jurors. This paper examines federal litigation for five years in which it was alleged that race was used as a factor in removing a juror. An examination of the cases revealed that most of the cases involved sole male litigants who allege that there were multiple race-based peremptory challenges used in their cases. Moreover, most of the cases that led to the allegations involved violent offenses. Other case characteristics are noted, but of most significance was the finding that most appellants lost their cases. As such, the courts felt that most of the challenges were, in fact, race neutral. The implications of this research are discussed. This study was funded by an undergraduate research grant from Penn State University.     

美国知识产权许可收益质押融资模式分析——基于Dyax生物医药高科技融资项目的实证研究

知识产权质押融资业务是拓宽战略性新兴企业融资渠道的重要途径,但由于其"评估难、处置难、高风险"的特征,在我国进行市场化推广存在较大困难。通过案例研究及数理统计分析,对美国知识产权许可收益质押融资模式进行研究,从模式创新与制度创新两个层面总结其政策成因,以期为发展我国知识产权质押融资业务提供借鉴。     

Correction to: Border crossings from Mexico to the U.S. and the role of border homicides

Crime, Law and Social Change -     

美国会计师第三人责任研究

就会计师第三人责任而言,数美国法最为发达,但关于会计师第三人责任的三种责任标准也存在多数意见与少数意见的纷争。会计师得为可以合理预见的第三人的信赖损害负责。理由之一,会计师第三人责任,系属职业过失责任,如果没有可充权衡的否决因素,责任成立;理由之二,可充权衡的否决因素,即被告责任负担轻重程度以及对共同体的影响、遏制重犯模型、损害和被告行为之间的因果关系,这三种权衡因素都支持而不是否决。     

美国农产品出口信贷担保项目的合法性分析:以WTO法为视角

农产品出口信贷担保项目是美国鼓励其农产品出口和争夺海外市场的重要有效手段。在WTO法律框架下,美国农产品出口信贷担保项目合法性的判断,关键看它是否构成《农业协定》下的对出口承诺的规避或规避威胁,是否在《SCM协定》的管辖范围内并且构成《SCM协定》下的禁止性补贴。"巴西诉美国陆地棉补贴案"首次对美国农产品出口信贷担保项目的合法性提出了质疑,并认定该项目构成出口补贴和禁止性补贴,违反了《农业协定》和《SCM协定》的规定。为了应对美国农产品出口信贷项目对我国农业利益的潜在侵害,我国应通过双边谈判敦促美国修改其农产品出口信贷担保项目,积极推动WTO多边贸易谈判以达成相关规则,必要时诉诸WTO争端解决机制等法律程序。     

司法裁判引证法律学说的功能研究——基于生效裁判文书的实证分析

法律学说是连接立法与实践的知识储备和理论桥梁,也是推动司法与社会互动的知识引擎和理论动力。学者的学术观点是法律学说的直接体现。在我国,存在司法判决引证法学学者观点的现象。实证研究表明,268份样本裁判文书中,有60位法学学者的观点被引证307次。法律学说在裁判文书中发挥着解释法律、论证说理及补充法律漏洞等作用,从而增强法官对法律事实性质或裁判结果判断的合理性和合法性,提升裁判结果的可接受性。从应然层面来看,法律学说要为司法裁判提供可能的参考答案,为司法裁判提供有效的法律方法以及通过司法裁判总结科学的司法规律。实证研究与理论分析表明,虽然司法判决可以成为法律学说的“试验田”,但是从主题任务和实践立场两分的角度看,法学与司法的适当分离是法治持续进步的阶梯。     

Border crossings from Mexico to the U.S. and the role of border homicides

Crime, Law and Social Change - This paper examines northbound crossings of personal vehicles and pedestrians from Mexico to the U.S. Sample size from January 1997 to December 2019 includes the...