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1.
Kentaro Tamura 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2006,6(3):289-304
The engagement of the United States is critical to the success of any international effort against global climate change. Although international climate efforts require long-lasting, credible commitments by participating countries, risk of failure to deliver on such commitments rises with the degree of gap that the domestic institutions permit between the executive and the legislature. The U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol indicated that the Clinton administration’s effort to bring international solutions into the domestic arena before domestic consensus was obtained was counterproductive. The congressional politics over budgetary allocation regarding the Bush administration’s technology policies showed that general preference to a technology-oriented approach to climate change alone did not ensure the credibility of international commitments. These cases revealed that the U.S. climate diplomacy was lacking in domestic institutional mechanisms that bring the executive branch’s deal at international negotiations, and the legislators’ preferences at home, closer together. For the U.S. to take leadership in international climate cooperation, domestic institutional frameworks which reconcile the interests of the two branches are necessary. This paper suggests that such domestic institutional frameworks feature two components: regular channels of communication between the two political branches; and, incentive mechanisms for the two branches to swiftly come to terms with each other.
相似文献
Kentaro TamuraEmail: Phone: +81-46-855-3812Fax: +81-46-855-3809 |
2.
Australian climate policy and the Asia Pacific partnership on clean development and climate (APP). From Howard to Rudd: continuity or change? 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Peter Lawrence 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):281-299
This article explains, first, why Australia’s government under John Howard, together with the United States Bush administration
initiated the Asia Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP) and, second, why the succeeding Rudd government
continued to support this initiative. Climate policy under the conservative Howard government (1995–2007) in Australia was
largely dictated by fossil fuel and mineral sector interests, and reflected a close alliance with the Bush administration.
The Howard government shunned the Kyoto Protocol, refused to set national binding greenhouse gas reduction targets and preferred
voluntary cooperative measures with industry. The APP was part of the Howard government’s strategy to demonstrate some policy
movement on climate change while postponing serious action. Climate change was a key issue in the election of the Rudd Labor
government in Australia in December 2007. The Rudd government quickly ratified Kyoto, adopted emission reduction targets,
and moved to introduce emissions trading. The Rudd government’s decision to continue involvement with the APP, albeit with
diminished funding, was a pragmatic one. The APP was supported by industry and provided bridges to China and India—both key
countries in the post-2012 UNFCCC negotiations. Finally, in order to assess the long-term outlook of the APP, the article
provides a preliminary assessment as to whether the APP advances technology transfer.
相似文献
Peter LawrenceEmail: |
3.
As negotiations on the post-2012 climate regime are now taking off, it is time to look back and assess the experiences of
the clean development mechanism (CDM) to this date. The CDM has been subject to extensive discussion in academic literature
during the last few years, and this article reviews that literature in order to sum up its main themes. A common assessment
is that the current structure of the CDM leads to a focus on cheap emissions reductions at the expense of sustainable development
benefits for the host countries. Recently, the questionable additionality of many CDM projects has become a central issue.
The article further argues that whereas a substantial body of work exists on the CDM, this work is mainly preoccupied with
a ‘fine-tuning’ of the mechanism. As the CDM now becomes increasingly institutionalized, scholars should also take a step
back and study the CDM in a more theoretically oriented way.
相似文献
Emma PaulssonEmail: |
4.
Friendly neighbor or Trojan Horse? Assessing the interaction of soft law initiatives and the UN climate regime 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
Current global climate governance is characterized by increasing institutional proliferation. Within the last 5 years several
non-legally binding initiatives have emerged, including (i) the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate
and various other public–private partnerships working on the policy implementation level and (ii) the Group of Eight Gleneagles
Dialogue on Climate Change, Clean Energy and Sustainable Development, and Major Economies Meeting on Energy Security and Climate
Change as high-level political processes. As a first step toward analyzing the relationship between these parallel initiatives
and the UN climate regime, this article looks at the negotiations of four UN-hosted climate meetings in 2007–2008, providing
an examination of the interaction of ‘soft law’ climate initiatives and the ‘hard law’ UNFCCC/Kyoto Protocol process. The
methodology of the study is based on participatory observations in the negotiations and document analysis of country and stakeholder
positions. The analysis shows that the current multitude of processes in global climate governance entails potential institutional
interaction. Deliberations of the key actors give some support to the claims of non-UN soft law being used to exert influence
on the negotiations on a future climate regime within the UN context.
相似文献
Antto VihmaEmail: |
5.
Lambert Schneider 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(2):95-111
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) under the Kyoto Protocol allows the crediting of emission reductions from greenhouse
gas (GHG) abatement projects in developing countries. The CDM is an offsetting mechanism and, in principle, a zero game to
the atmosphere: emission reductions achieved from CDM projects allow industrialised countries to increase their emissions,
respectively. The article explores how the CDM could be moved beyond a pure offsetting mechanism in a post-2012 climate regime
by crediting only a fraction of the emission reductions from CDM projects, thereby providing a net atmospheric benefit. Potential
implications on the carbon market are assessed in a qualitative manner and different design options for such a reform to the
CDM are discussed. An important conclusion is that the effects on carbon market depend considerably on whether the use of
the CDM is limited through caps or not.
相似文献
Lambert SchneiderEmail: |
6.
Enhancing the clean development mechanism through sectoral approaches: definitions, applications and ways forward 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Wolfgang Sterk Bettina Wittneben 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2006,6(3):271-287
Grave concerns with the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) have increasingly surfaced in the international climate policy arena. The sectoral approaches described in this paper may be a way to address some of the shortcomings of this Kyoto mechanism. The paper outlines the criticisms that have been raised against the CDM as well as the conflicting interpretations of a sectoral approach and examines in how far it might resolve the mechanism’s perceived shortcomings. Furthermore, it outlines issues that need to be resolved when implementing a sectoral approach: distributing costs and benefits, defining the sector and its baseline, ensuring additionality and tackling procedural issues. A sectoral approach can enable countries to guide their structural development but it also opens up a gap between public and private investment that needs to be addressed before conflicts arise. Sectoral CDM activities may be able to lower transaction costs for projects that otherwise cannot compete in the CDM market and might even pave the way to sectoral greenhouse gas limitation targets in developing countries by establishing the necessary infrastructure for data collection. However, a sectoral CDM cannot be mistaken for a panacea. Some of the mechanism’s problems remain, which highlights the need to establish additional instruments to support Southern countries in furthering sustainable development and embarking on a low-emission trajectory.
相似文献
Bettina WittnebenEmail: |
7.
Introduction: exploring and explaining the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean Development and Climate 总被引:3,自引:3,他引:0
Sylvia I. Karlsson-Vinkhuyzen Harro van Asselt 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(3):195-211
This introduction lays the groundwork for this Special Issue by providing an overview of the Asia-Pacific Partnership on Clean
Development and Climate (APP), and by introducing three main analytical themes. The first theme concerns the emergence and
continuation of the APP. The contributions show that the emergence of the APP can be attributed to international factors,
including the United States’ rejection of the Kyoto Protocol, and its search for an alternative arena for global climate governance,
and other countries’ wish to maintain good relations with the US; as well as domestic factors, such as the presence of bureaucratic
actors in favour of the Partnership, alignment with domestic priorities, and the potential for reaping economic benefits through
participation. The second theme examines the nature of the Partnership, concluding that it falls on the very soft side of
the hard–soft law continuum and that while being branded as a public–private partnership, governments remain in charge. Under
the third theme, the influence which the APP exerts on the post-2012 United Nations (UN) climate change negotiations is scrutinised.
The contributions show that at the very least, the APP is exerting some cognitive influence on the UN discussions through
its promotion of a sectoral approach. The introduction concludes with outlining areas for future research.
相似文献
Harro van AsseltEmail: |
8.
From an EU point of view, most international environmental agreements are mixed. This means that both the European Community (EC) and its member states are party to the agreement. As the participation of the EC in international negotiations and agreements is properly arranged by the Treaty establishing the European Community, but the EU member states’ participation is not legally organized on the EU level, the internal decision-making process regarding mixed agreements is rather complicated. Insights into this process are needed to understand the representation and the role of the European Union in international environmental negotiations. This article clarifies the legal framework of the EU decision-making process regarding such negotiations.
相似文献
Tom DelreuxEmail: Phone: +32-16-32-32-87Fax: +32-16-32-31-44 |
9.
Richard Bailey 《Law and Critique》2009,20(2):113-132
This article is based on interviews with former Australian immigration detainees conducted by the author. The interviews explored
the experience and understanding of resistance while in detention. The article calls into question Agamben’s twin conclusions
that nothing short of a complete re-founding of ontology is required to liberate humanity from biopower and that this refoundation
will spring from bare life. Contrary to Agamben’s depiction, the camp proves to be a place of determined and often successful
defence of a relation of politics and life based not on the camp and biopower, but on solidarity and freedom. Detainees in
Australian immigration detention, like prisoners in the Nazi concentration camps, refused to abandon their politics. Rather
than seeking to transform bare life, they rejected it and made their own decision on life and politics.
相似文献
Richard BaileyEmail: |
10.
Carrol Clarkson 《Law and Critique》2007,18(3):361-374
This paper explores the implications of uses of the word ‘we’ in post-apartheid South African fiction. ‘We’ in these novels
is typically a contested linguistic site – which tells of the loss of inherited communities, and reflects the ethically complex
negotiations of a ‘we’ perhaps still to come. Yet if the internal narratives assert a loss of community, each event of the
novel’s being-read inaugurates a new ‘community’ of readers. The paper considers the ethical implications of the act of reading
a literary text in post-apartheid South Africa. In the course of the argument, I draw links between African philosophies of
community, and Jean-Luc Nancy’s proposition that ‘I’ does not precede ‘we’. Thus I suggest some ways in which philosophies
from Africa contribute towards current debates about ‘we’ in contemporary continental philosophy.
相似文献
Carrol ClarksonEmail: |
11.
Institutionalized corruption: power overconcentration of the First-in-Command in China 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
相似文献
Ren Jianming (Corresponding author)Email: |
Du ZhizhouEmail: |
12.
Amandine J. Bled 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2009,9(2):153-171
In 2006, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) adopted decision VIII/17 to further involve the private sector
in the activities of the Convention. This initiative mainly aims at improving the current regime’s legitimacy. By increasing
business involvement, decision VIII/17 can be viewed within the context of the current academic debate on the ‘privatisation’
of environmental governance, which refers to the growing importance of private actors in the formulation of environmental
policies. Against this background, this article aims at: (1) assessing the extent to which decision VIII/17 might reverse
the CBD’s legitimacy crisis and (2) analysing the issues at stake when private sector actors are involved in environmental
regimes. In order to do so, the article analyses the consequences of decision VIII/17 in terms of internal—representation
and transparency—and external—institutional efficiency and implementation—legitimacy. The study is based on an extended empirical
scrutiny of the negotiations linked to decision VIII/17. While adopting a general conceptualisation of legitimacy, the value
added by the study is to broaden the usual understanding of business strategies towards environmental issues. In particular,
this article shows how decision VIII/17 has generated several reactions—defensive as well as proactive—among the business
community. At the practical level, the article proposes several recommendations to secure a constructive participation of
all categories of business actors in biodiversity governance. At the theoretical level, it calls for a change in deterministic
visions of economic actors’ interests.
相似文献
Amandine J. BledEmail: |
13.
This paper examines the role of the target-based responsibility system for building upright Party style and clean government
in combating corruption in local China. It argues that the effectiveness of the target-based responsibility system in corruption
control is compromised by a number of implementation hurdles in practice. Based on a close examination of one county, Shaanxi
Province in the northwest China, this study shows that low measurability of the targets, the conflict between anti-corruption
work and other evaluation targets, and the impact of patronage politics account for the implementation failure of the target-based
responsibility system. The fundamental problem lies in that under China’s unified cadre personnel management system, political
will can interfere with the handling of corruption on a case-by-case basis, no matter what kind of anti-corruption mechanism
is employed. Under this context, the adoption of the target-based responsibility system in fighting corruption results in
nothing more than “pouring old wine into new bottles.”
相似文献
Hon S. Chan (Corresponding author)Email: |
Jie GaoEmail: |
14.
Maria Drakopoulou 《Law and Critique》2007,18(3):331-360
Feminists have so often declared and celebrated the fecundity of the relationship between feminism and legal reform that critique
of legal doctrine and norms, together with proposals for their reconstruction, have become the hallmarks of the modern feminist
engagement with law. Yet today the long-cherished ‘truth’ about law’s potentially beneficial impact on women’s lives has started
to fade and the quest for legal change has become fraught with problems. In responding to the aporetic state in which feminist legal scholarship now finds itself, this paper offers a recounting of the relationship between feminism
and the politics of legal reform. However, in so doing, it seeks neither to support nor to oppose these politics. Instead,
it explores the historical contingencies that made this discourse possible. Utilizing Foucault’s concept of episteme, it demarcates the nineteenth century as the historical moment in which this discourse arose, and tracing the epistemic shifts underpinning the production of knowledge, locates its positivities at the interface of the time’s episteme and the discourse of transcendental subjectivity that it engendered.
相似文献
Maria DrakopoulouEmail: |
15.
Land use and forestry based CDM in scientific peer-reviewed literature pre-and post-COP 9 in Milan 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Matilda Palm Madelene Ostwald John Reilly 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2008,8(3):249-274
This article explores the science-policy interactions between peer-reviewed literature and decisions and declarations on Land
Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) projects in the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) taken at Conference of the Parties
(COP) meetings. The results are based on a literature analysis capturing 88 articles published from 1997 to 2005. By using
a matrix search method and a structured reading form, the method and analysis focussed on whether issues of CDM and LULUCF
were presented as ‘supportive of the inclusion of LULUCF’ and ‘critical of the inclusion of LULUCF’. A matrix search method
and a structured reading form were applied. Of the 88 articles, 66% included discussions supportive to the inclusion of LULUCF.
Forty-nine percent had a first author affiliated in natural sciences. Only 19% had first authors affiliated in developing
countries while the same number for contributing authors was 38%. The results show no clear connection between scientific
literature and decisions and declarations, but indicate that policymakers set the research agenda by declarations, while researchers
feed the process up until decisions are made.
相似文献
Matilda PalmEmail: |
16.
Nicholas Kyriazis 《European Journal of Law and Economics》2009,27(2):109-127
The present essay analyses Athenian finances during the fourth century BC, the ‘Age of Demosthenes’, from both the revenue
and expenditure points of view. It examines how Athenians practiced the concept of ‘economic democracy’ on matters of public
choice, and the sometimes ingenious solutions they adopted for financing public goods such as defense, education and ‘social
security’. Ancient Athens, the ‘prototype’ political democracy, was advanced also in matters of public administration, finance
and institutions, on which political democracy was based and without their smooth running could not have functioned.
相似文献
Nicholas KyriazisEmail: |
17.
Philip Stenning Christopher Birkbeck Otto Adang David Baker Thomas Feltes Luis Gerardo Gabaldón Maki Haberfeld Eduardo Paes Machado P. A. J. Waddington 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2009,52(2):95-110
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
相似文献
Philip Stenning (Corresponding author)Email: |
Christopher BirkbeckEmail: |
Otto AdangEmail: |
David BakerEmail: |
Thomas FeltesEmail: |
Luis Gerardo GabaldónEmail: |
Maki HaberfeldEmail: |
Eduardo Paes MachadoEmail: |
P. A. J. WaddingtonEmail: |
18.
Michael Levi 《Crime, Law and Social Change》2008,49(5):365-377
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
相似文献
Michael LeviEmail: |
19.
The formation of an international environmental agreement as a two-stage exclusive cartel formation game with transferable utilities 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Porchiung Benjamin Chou Cheickna Sylla 《International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics》2008,8(4):317-341
We construct a two-stage exclusive cartel formation game with utility transfers to model the formation process of an international
environmental agreement. Our results show that in the first stage of low degree of consensus, engaging in utility transfers
by asymmetric countries will accomplish little. In contrast, in the second stage of higher degree of consensus, it is more
likely for asymmetric countries to engage in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition, particularly if a small stable
coalition has already been formed in the first stage. This article therefore provides a theoretical perspective to explain
why it is more likely for some developed countries to initiate an IEA formation process by forming a small stable coalition
first before engaging in monetary transfers to form the grand coalition with all the other countries. Such a perspective is
consistent with the historical development of the Montreal Protocol and may also explain the difficulty for asymmetric countries
to form the grand coalition at the beginning of the IEA formation process of the Kyoto Protocol.
相似文献
Cheickna SyllaEmail: |
20.
Kimberly Kessler Ferzan 《Criminal Law and Philosophy》2009,3(1):97-101
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
相似文献
Kimberly Kessler FerzanEmail: |