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1.
Statistical inference is a common feature of meta-analysis. Statistical inference depends on a formal model that accurately
characterizes certain key features of how the studies to be summarized were generated. The implications of this requirement
are discussed and questions are raised about the credibility of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests routinely reported.
Richard Berk
is a professor in the Departments of Criminology and Statistics at the University of Pennsylvania. He is an elected fellow
of the American Statistical Association, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and the Academy of Experimental
Criminology. His research interests include statistical learning procedures and applied statistics more generally. He has
published extensively in program evaluation, criminal justice, environmental research, and applied statistics. Professor Berk’s
most recent book is Regression Analysis: A Constructive Critique (Sage Publications, 2003). 相似文献
2.
Computational criminology applies computer simulations to study topics of interest for criminologists. Just as for all computer
modelling in science, the validity of the simulations ultimately depends on whether they are able to reproduce empirical phenomena
with sufficient accuracy. The only way in which this can be determined is by comparing model output to real observations.
This paper provides an overview of how such model evaluations can be undertaken.
Richard Berk
is a professor in the Departments of Statistics and Criminology at the University of Pennsylvania. Professor Berk is an elected
fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the American Statistical Association and the Academy of
Experimental Criminology, and has been a member the Committee on Applied and Theoretical Statistics of the National Research
Council and the Social Science Research Council’s Board of Directors. He has received the Paul F. Lazarsfeld Award given by
the Methodology Section of the American Sociological Association. Professor Berk’s current work focuses on statistical learning
procedures and other forms of inductive data analysis. 相似文献
3.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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5.
Berk criticizes meta-analysis on a host of statistical grounds. The criticisms are thoughtful, and may even seem compelling
on first read. However, his criticisms are really a special case of the kinds of criticisms that can be leveled at all scientific
endeavor. Science is rife with assumptions of greater or lesser plausibility, no more so in meta-analysis than in primary
research. We trust in those assumptions only temporarily and heuristically. The answer is not to abandon ship, but rather
to work to improve the endeavor at the margin, hoping that science is self-correcting in the long-run, and that our answers
are not too far off despite the weaknesses of the enterprise.
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6.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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7.
In this article, I confront Garvey’s argument that a weak-willed individual deserves partial excuse for trying to resist a
strong desire that pushes him toward commission of a criminal act even though in the end he unreasonably abandons his resistance
and commits the crime. I attempt to refute Garvey’s argument on two counts: one, I question whether the law should indeed
provide mitigation to such an offender; and two, I argue that, even if it should, this mitigation may not come in the form
of a partial defense. Defenses, even partial, are desert based, and there is nothing in Garvey’s offender’s circumstances
that makes him less blameworthy for the crime he committed. A court may choose to treat such an offender more leniently but
it should not be mandated to do so.
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8.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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9.
This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent
developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue,
involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of
adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s
notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse
ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.
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10.
This study proposes an empirical analysis of the relation between the prices of illegal drugs and the use of violence to administrate
the markets of illegal drugs. The study hypothesizes that the prices of illegal drugs affect the level of violent crime, since
changes in profitability of the drugs’ markets affect the offenders’ expected utility of using violence to operate in these
markets. An increase (or decrease) in prices would raise (or reduce) the offenders’ expected utility of making use of violence,
for instance, to solve disputes over drugs, to conquer more market shares, to defend ones own market share, in short to make
use of systemic violence (Goldstein, P.J. Journal of Drug Issues, 39:143–179, 1985). The study will analyze the relation between the dynamics of cocaine and heroin’s prices and systemic violence in the United
States of America and in Europe over two decades. The correlational and inferential analyses do support the hypothesis for
certain offenders’ profiles and certain murders’ circumstances.
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12.
The governance phenomenon brings law back to its very ‘origin’, namely, law-making (‘Recht-Fertigung’), and reveals that law
is not anchored to a specific ‘polis’ or to Hobbesian statehood, but is able to pursue different forms of ‘the common’ as
long as its paradox function is fulfilled. Law recognises and develops normative standards for the creation of social structures
while also leading a continuous battle against any restrictions to democracy, common wealth and justice connected to these
structures. Law here acts ‘politically’ and in affinity to social movements that struggle against any form of social ‘immunisation’.
This article analyses the conditions of this affinity and its consequences for the concept of ‘justice’.
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13.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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14.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
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15.
Black men, especially those in the lower-class are stereotyped as hypermasculine. Such stereotypes may affect placement in
criminal justice programs as well as whether offenders successfully complete programming given placement. This article considers
whether the intersection of class and race affect boot camp failure. Using data from MacKenzie’s evaluation of correctional
boot camps, results show that neither race, nor the interaction of race with indicators of orientation towards decent or street
behavior has any effect on dropping out of boot camp. What is significant in predicting boot camp completion is the offender’s
belief prior to beginning the program that he is “tough enough” to handle the institution. However, this result is opposite
of expected for black men. The implications of this result and future directions are considered.
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16.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
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17.
In this analysis of Marcia Baron’s account of excuses, I seek to do two
things. I try to draw out the nature of the distinction between forgiving
and excusing. I also defend the distinction between excuses (like duress),
and denials of responsibility (like insanity).
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18.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
相似文献
19.
The only way of entering the world of ‘fragmented law’ (or ‘societal constitutionalism’) is arguably to make normative fragmentation
correspond with constituent excess. As Foucault would say, once we are involved in an ‘epistemic crisis’, we must then modify
those systems that organise knowledge in conjunction with the very forms that produce it. This contribution considers some
privileged forms of critique and reconstruction beyond normative fragmentation and essentially argues in favour of governance
dynamics, as well as for ontological devices engaged in the production of subjectivity.
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20.
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
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