The Middlemen: The Legal Profession,the Rule of Law,and Authoritarian Regimes

Scholars are increasingly interested in exploring ways to strengthen the rule of law in authoritarian states—especially when deeper political reforms are not attainable. The article contributes to this discussion by revisiting the story of the emergence of the so‐called socialist legality in the communist states of Eastern Europe. Using the historical record from Poland, the author demonstrates a previously unnoticed, yet pivotal, role of legal professionals in facilitating socialist legality's rise to prominence. Using the lenses of Pierre Bourdieu's theory of fields, the article chronicles the evolving dynamic between the legal profession, the authoritarian regime, and society. These observations challenge conventional explanations of the emergence of the rule of law in nondemocratic conditions.     

测谎的法律性质探究

测谎由众多环节组成,同时竞合了讯问、勘验、人身检查、鉴定的部分特征.测谎的法律性质应当由在测谎各环节中居于核心地位的图谱分析来决定.图谱分析是测试人员运用自己的专门知识对案件中的专门性问题进行的分析、判断,具有鉴定的科学属性和法律属性,应当被定位为鉴定.与此同时,由于测谎的测前谈话、图谱采集等环节具有基本权干预性质,测谎的鉴定属性具有一定的特殊性。     

An Inquiry into the Turkish 'School' of International Law

This paper seeks to examine major Turkish textbooks of publicinternational law, focusing particularly on a small number ofcore areas in this discipline: historical origins and basicfeatures; formal sources; main subjects; the law of territory;international law and development. These textbooks show a stronginclination towards Eurocentrism and positivism due to theirdenial of the vigour of ‘soft law’, as manifestedfor instance in UN General Assembly resolutions, and of theirmarginal treatment of ‘international law and development’.What is more, substantive issues of international law are notdiscussed in a critical way; rather the procedures of the disciplineare given priority. This is almost to suggest that Turkish internationallaw scholars hold the view that their raison d’êtreis confined to ‘technical expertise’, and that therelationship between law, other disciplines and society liesoutside their domain. In the final analysis, therefore, thehard core of issues integral to international law and havinga deep impact on international politics, such as the searchfor a New International Economic Order (NIEO), the principleof self-determination and human rights are either entirely bypassedor treated only very narrowly in Turkish international law textbooks.     

商事账簿制度研究

商事账簿制度是现代商法中的重要制度 ,是商法贯彻商事事务公开性的重要手段 ,对于商人、商人的债权人以及社会公众意义重大。有必要对商事账簿的功能、商事账簿制度的历史、商事账簿的种类以及商事账簿的制作、保存和提交等制度作出全面和系统的分析。     

An Inquiry into a Normative Concept of Legal Efficacy

This essay argues that legal efficacy understood as existent binding force and as dominance of a system of coercion vis‐à‐vis competing systems is not strictly a matter of fact, but involves what can be termed justified normativity in a factual context. The argument is divided into four sections. The first three sections describe different dimensions of a normative concept of legal efficacy applied to legal systems: efficacy as persuasiveness, as indirect communication, and as constitutive obedience. The final section focuses on the efficacy of individual norms and adds a new criterion – membership – which establishes a multi‐layered test of efficacy.     

Reconfiguring Law: An Ethnographic Perspective from Botswana

Using two marital disputes, this article examines women's experiences in bringing legal claims regarding family property in Botswana. It highlights the ways women draw on diverse economic and social resources available to them through their differing positions within gendered social networks that shape daily life and affect the ability to access and manipulate a legal system incorporating Tswana customary law and European law. The divergent discourses among women and between women and men document how the administrative and theoretical separation of legal systems does not extend to people's uses of the law in arranging their own lives. This analysis challenges the formalist model of legal pluralism by demonstrating that legal arguments are constructed from the gendered social and economic facts of individuals'lives that traverse the legal categories of European and customary law. It also contributes to feminist legal scholarship by explicitly marking the links among gender, power, and law.     

英美法系国家环境刑法与环境犯罪探究

一些环境保护先进国家, 如美国、德国、日本等,自 ２０世纪 ５０年代先后以刑法典、单行刑法和附属刑法的方式加强对环境犯罪的制裁。国际社会为保护人类环境加强国际间的协作亦付出了较大的努力。而属于普通法系判例法的国家．其制裁环境犯罪的突出特点,就是采用附属刑法的方式规定环境刑罚条款,使各类环境刑罚条款皆寄生于行政法之内。     

Ascertaining Customary International Law: An Inquiry into the Methods Used by Domestic Courts

Netherlands International Law Review - Based on analysis of a large number of recent domestic court cases on matters of customary international law (2000–2014), this article demonstrates...     

法治理念下的律师文化建设

法律必须被信仰,否则它将形同虚设。(哈罗德.伯尔曼)没有法律文化支持的法治,形同沙滩楼阁。没有律师文化的律师事业,形同无本之木。从“依法制国”到“依法治国”,中国法制建设进入了一个重要的历程。而“依法治国”必然要以“法治理念”和“法律文化”为根本,孔子曰“君子务本,本立而道生”。作为法律职业共同体的律师更应该适应法治社会发展的要求,在法律文化的基础上建造起律师文化的基柱,以共同支撑法治中国之大业。律师应该是法律文化的重要组成部分。在大力弘扬法律文化的当今时代,我们应该充分认识到:律师文化是律师事业发展的哲学…     

对完善我国公司法若干问题的思考

文中就我国修订公司法时应当正确处理的三个关系、股东与公司的财产权性质、先公司合同的法律效力、“一人公司”的取舍、公司资本制度的抉择以及公司的治理结构等六方面问题作出了深刻的分析,结合公司法修订草案的有关规定进行了深入的点评,并提出了相应的立法建议     

现代国际海洋环境保护法之基本原则考量

现代国际海洋环境保护法律的完善首先需要完备的基本原则。但是 ,各国关于现代国际海洋环境保护法律的基本原则理解各不相同 ,国际公约对此规定亦不尽相同。笔者认为现代国际海洋环境保护法律基本原则体系应由可持续发展原则、国家主权原则、国际合作原则、合理分担责任原则及和平、公正、及时解决争端原则构成 ,并阐述了各基本原则应涵盖的主要内容 ,以期促进现代国际海洋环境保护法律制度的完善。     

现代和谐法治社会结构、有机运转探析——以法社会学视角

法社会学视角下,社会角色应是法律的定位。因为社会角色有着法的核心构造,是人的社会化的责任承担,是角色主体的法律人格,是构成法治社会有机运转的法治细胞;社会角色是法治社会为每个人提供的无限发展空间,角色主体的自我认知是法治社会有机运转的核心。     

社会抚养费法律性质考察——从若干相关行政、司法实践而展开

社会抚养费制度作为计划生育政策推行和保障的一项重要措施,其法律性质为何依然争议不断。通过分析近年来有关社会抚养费的司法判决可以发现,实践中仍然有不少行政部门和司法部门将征收社会抚养费作为一种行政处罚对待。从社会抚养费的规范依据和理论基础来看,将社会抚养费当成一种行政处罚均难以成立。社会抚养费应当属于超生对社会所造成负担的一种经济补偿。对社会抚养费征收的对象、标准、程序和对权利限制的制度都有待重新评估。     

Regulating Law Firm Ethics Management: An Empirical Assessment of an Innovation in Regulation of the Legal Profession in New South Wales

The Australian state of New South Wales (NSW) was the first jurisdiction to fully deregulate law firm structure and allow alternative business structures in the legal profession. At the same time it also introduced an innovation in regulation of the legal profession, requiring that incorporated legal practices implement ‘appropriate management systems’ for ensuring the provision of legal services in compliance with professional ethical obligations. This paper presents a preliminary empirical evaluation of the impact of this attempt at ‘management‐based regulation’. We find that the NSW requirement that firms self‐assess their ethics management leads to a large and statistically significant drop in complaints. The (self‐assessed) level of implementation of ethics management infrastructure, however, does not make any difference. The relevance of these findings to debates about deprofessionalization, managerialism, and commercialism in the legal profession is discussed, and the NSW approach is distinguished from the more heavy‐handed English legal aid approach to regulating law firm quality management.     

非道德性:现代法律职业伦理的困境

结合当下司法改革中所出现的一些典型事例,本文以"非道德性"为基本概念,系统描述和分析当代法律职业伦理所遭遇的困境,以及"自由主义"法学理论与之的内在性关联。最终,提出了以中国传统美德伦理学来克服这一困境的理论命题。     

Gendering the Legal Complex: Women in Sri Lanka's Legal Profession

Drawing upon feminist standpoint theory and interviews with pioneering women lawyers in Sri Lanka, I argue for a focus on women as a distinct category in ‘legal complex theory’. I consider the following questions in making this claim. What were the internal structures of the legal profession that the older generations of women lawyers encountered as they entered the profession and as they took up positions of leadership? In what ways, if at all, was the ‘culture(s)’ within the profession patriarchal? In what ways, if any, did the entry and advancement of women impact these internal structures of the profession and its culture(s)? And what can we learn from these experiences in predicting the future trajectory of the legal profession? The analytical expansion that I propose reveals gender-based dynamics within the legal complex, such as gender-stereotyped perceptions about women lawyers within the profession, the ‘feminization’ of the profession, and ‘gender segmentation’ within its different spheres.     

关于陕西省律师执业“三难”问题的调研报告

长期以来,律师执业中的“三难”问题,即会见难、阅卷难、调查取证难始终是律师执业权益保障中存在的突出问题,也是制约律师事业健康发展的主要因素。自去年6月1日新修订的《律师法》实施以来,律师执业中的会见权、阅卷权、调查取证权、言论豁免权等权利在陕西省得到了一定程度的落实,律师执业中的“三难”问题得到了一定程度的解决。但从总体来看,由于法治进程、司法体制改革和诉讼法修改等多种因素的影响,现实中律师执业“三难”问题在陕西省仍然比较突出,执业律师反映较为强烈。