Consecutive matching striation criteria: a general critique

In the forensic science of firearms and toolmark identification, examiners traditionally have drawn conclusions of identity from subjective criteria. This paper critically explores the general validity of one proposed objective-criteria regime--that of counting consecutive matching striations on fired bullets. Practical considerations are discussed, as well as theoretical ones, with both discussions viewed from the perspective of Bayesian logic. It is concluded that drawbacks exist for this particular objective-criteria regime, but that research and logical analysis should continue.     

一纸言简意骇的司法鉴定书一段月缺月圆的传奇三代情月圆樱花国

司法部司法鉴定中心不仅在全国名闻遐迩,而且在国际上也愈来愈具影响.<月圆樱花国>的故事在东瀛传为美谈.……     

自杀文化在东瀛

近年来,日本每年自杀的人数都超过3万人,而且这种现象已经持续了10年。最近几年,由于通过互联网集体自杀的事件频发,日本厚生劳动省已经开始对如何预防自杀进行研究,并将自杀人数减少20％作为目标。虽然正在制订诸如访问保健所职员的家庭、与专门医生的联合以及居民之间相互交流的网络等具体对策,     

Criminal justice in Japan

B. A., University of Michigan 1949; J.D., University of Michigan 1951.     

Analysis of prostitution in Japan

Before World War II, we witnessed the purification movement, on which Christian groups embarked as moral entrepreneurs. After the war, female groups took the initiative in a movement for anti‐prostitution law. The movement resulted in the enactment of the Prostitution Prevention Law in 1956, which made prostitution a punishable criminal offense. On the other hand, in the United States in the 1960s, some criminologists advocated the necessity of de‐criminalization of victimless crimes, one of which was prostitution. Some groups of feminists also insisted on the de‐criminalization of prostitution to emancipate women toward a freer and more liberated sexuality. New ideas regarding the control, or lack thereof, of prostitution were then introduced into Japan — a country where decriminalization was not realized in the dimension of criminal laws.

With its rapid economic growth, Japan became a consumer's society, in which the demand for prostitution increased. In response to this trend, more prostitutes committed financially compensated sexual acts in disguised brothels or in other various call‐girl systems. However, the total number of offenses of the Prostitution Prevention Law exposed by the police has decreased drastically during the past thirty years. In essence, we now see the de‐criminalization of prostitution in the practices of law enforcement agencies.     

论战后美对日关系中的绥靖主义

:二战后 ,美国从自己的私利出发对日本实行绥靖主义政策。这一政策推动日本逐步实现其政治大国和军事大国的目标 ,对亚太地区甚至整个国际政治的发展产生了诸多不利影响。而美国推行这一政策的结果与其初衷也可能会背道而驰     

从“自杀训练”看日本教育体制

2011年10月11日,当时13岁的日本滋贺县大津市立中学二年级男生因为遭到同学凌辱跳楼自杀,此事引起日本社会巨大震动。2012年7月6日,大津市市长越直美终于作出重新对事件进行调查的决定,但这只能说是亡羊补牢之策。但自杀案件暴露出日本教育制度上存在的严重漏洞。 学生自杀再引轰动     

Sudden infant death syndrome in Japan

Two autopsied cases are presented, one involving a 5-month-old infant, and a 6-month-old infant both of whom died suddenly and unexpectedly. The incidence of sudden infant death syndrome in Japan is 1.2 per 1,000 babies live births. Among all cases autopsied in the departments of legal or forensic medicine in 78 universities or colleges of Japan, the incidence was 15 (0.5%) per 3,329 in 1984 and 20 (0.6%) per 3,150 in 1985.     

日本法律援助制度综述

法律援助制度是世界各国普遍采用的司法救济方式。作为我国一衣带水的邻邦，日本近年来结合国情所进行的大刀阔斧的法律援助制度改革，对我国法律援助制度的发展和完善具有不可小觑的借鉴意义。     

Criminalization Against Traffic Offenders in Japan

Japan experienced rapid motorization, which was followed by an increase of traffic accidents. However, the increase was suppressed around 1970. Criminalization against traffic offenders may have contributed to it. The process of criminalization may be instructive to other countries suffering from an increase of traffic accidents. But in Japan we should realize the limit of criminalization and check further criminalization.     

Victim participation in criminal trials in Japan

Since 2000, the Japanese Code of Criminal Procedure has been revised twice to introduce into criminal trials two systems of victim participation: the Victim’s Statement of Opinion (VSO) and the Victim Participation System. This study addresses the impact of those systems on decision-making in criminal trials, with special focus on the impact on sentencing. Following a literature review are the early findings from my psychological experiment which focuses on sentencing by lay judges. The results indicate that information concerning crime victims does have an impact on sentencing, but it is immaterial whether or not the information is submitted through recently introduced systems. Evaluations of those systems from the perspectives of crime victims also indicate that they tend to evaluate at least the VSO positively, regardless of the statements’ perceived lack of impact on the outcome.