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1.
The rapid economic growth in China over recent decades has been accompanied by higher levels of crime, but there have been
few studies of the Chinese experience of criminal victimization. A recent victimization survey of a representative sample
of households in Tianjin represents a major effort to fill this gap in the literature. The present paper reviews the research
based on the Tianjin survey along with other studies of crime and criminal victimization in China that have been published
since 1990. We summarize the major findings, discuss the theoretical perspectives and methodological strategies that have
been applied, identify the limitations of the research to date, and offer suggestions for future research.
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2.
This paper examines the structure and modus operandi of South Asian criminal organisations operating in the UK. It is based
on empirical research conducted between 2005 and 2006 among prisoners sentenced for drug offences, a number of drug distributors
operating in the market, and observers with a knowledge of the drugs business working for the police force or for rehabilitation
services. First, the paper offers an overview of the debate on organised crime, and after a methodological note, the research
findings are utilised to propose a typology. Hypotheses are formulated around the illicit drug enterprises involved in British
markets. Finally, the implications for law enforcement with respect to these enterprises are discussed.
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3.
In terms of economic regionalism, East Asia lags far behind other major regions. It was only recently that institutionalization
of regional economic integration was started among East Asia countries. However, functional economic integration has continuously
proceeded among East Asian economies even without a region-wide RTA. This paper analyzes the trends of functional economic
integration both in terms of trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) among East Asian economies, and reviews recent developments
of economic regionalism in East Asia. It also addresses the prospects for a region-wide FTA in East Asia and draws some policy
implications for East Asian countries at this juncture of economic regionalism in East Asia.
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4.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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5.
This paper investigates the role of transnational organized crime in the democratisation process in the Central Asian area.
It examines the inherent connections that exist between the leading tribal families, political elites and organized crime,
and explores how criminal networks have proliferated in society and consequently in politics. The complete absence of a ruling
élite and striking economic issues left unsolved were the legacy that Soviet rule would leave to the newly independent Central
Asian Republics. After the fall of the former Soviet Union other, more profitable forms of transnational organized crime flourished.
According to the official statistics of the UNODC and the American State Department, 92% of the world’s heroin is produced
in Afghanistan. Of this, around 65% is smuggled into Europe and America along the Silk Road, and therefore through the five
Central Asian Republics and Russia. High levels of corruption in Central Asia heavily affect political and economic life.
The economies of the region have progressively become dominated by criminal activity with smuggling, trafficking and other
activities linked to transnational organized crime as the major source of income. Central Asia’s strategic location makes
this a global security concern.
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6.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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7.
I attempt to describe the several costs that criminal theory would be forced to pay by adopting the view (currently fashionable
among moral philosophers) that the intentions of the agent are irrelevant to determinations of whether his actions are permissible
(or criminal).
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9.
This article analyzes the investigation and prosecution of contemporary Chinese criminal organizations through the study of
one major human smuggling case: the trial of “Sister Ping.” Data were obtained from media reports, court documents, and from
interviews with parties familiar with the case. It is argued that modern human smuggling groups such as the one run by Sister
Ping are informal and decentralized organizations against which the RICO statute may be of little use.
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10.
This article focuses on a research project conducted in six jurisdictions: England, The Netherlands, Germany, Australia, Venezuela,
and Brazil. These societies are very different ethnically, socially, politically, economically, historically and have wildly
different levels of crime. Their policing arrangements also differ significantly: how they are organised; how their officers
are equipped and trained; what routine operating procedures they employ; whether they are armed; and much else besides. Most
relevant for this research, they represent policing systems with wildly different levels of police shootings, Police in the
two Latin American countries represented here have a justified reputation for the frequency with which they shoot people,
whereas at the other extreme the police in England do not routinely carry firearms and rarely shoot anyone. To probe whether
these differences are reflected in the way that officers talk about the use of force, police officers in these different jurisdictions
were invited to discuss in focus groups a scenario in which police are thwarted in their attempt to arrest two youths (one
of whom is a known local criminal) by the youths driving off with the police in pursuit, and concludes with the youths crashing
their car and escaping in apparent possession of a gun, It might be expected that focus groups would prove starkly different,
and indeed they were, but not in the way that might be expected. There was little difference in affirmation of normative and
legal standards regarding the use of force. It was in how officers in different jurisdictions envisaged the circumstances
in which the scenario took place that led Latin American officers to anticipate that they would shoot the suspects, whereas
officers in the other jurisdictions had little expectation that they would open fire in the conditions as they imagined them
to be.
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11.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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12.
This study investigates the asymmetric cointegration relationship among the Japanese yen, the Korean won, and the Singapore
dollar using an instrumental variable threshold cointegration test which allows asymmetric adjustment and avoids test statistics
depending on nuisance parameters. This threshold cointegration approach clearly provides evidence for a cointegration relationship
characterized by asymmetric adjustment toward the long-term equilibrium level. This finding indicates that the long-term equilibrium
relationship among the Japanese yen, the Korean won and the Singapore dollar remains stable with asymmetric adjustment. The
finding also shows there is a temporal delay in the reaction of the Korean won and the Singapore dollar to the Japanese yen
change. Therefore, we conclude that, in the short-term, Korean won and Singapore dollar shocks are important to determine
the response of the Japanese yen; the Singapore dollar shock is also important to determine the response of the Korean won;
however, the Japanese yen shock is unimportant to determine the responses of the Singapore dollar and Korean won.
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13.
This article discusses the effect of China’s economic rise on East Asian economic integration and concludes that the emergence
of China as an increasingly important economic power has made a great contribution to Asian economic integration mainly through
four channels: being a main importer and FDI destination country for most Asian countries under the processing export pattern;
the renminbi’s more active image in the regional currency cooperation and its potential role as one of the core regional currencies
in the future; playing a more important role in the regional political affairs and having an increasing potential to be part
of the political core power (together with Japan); the demonstration and stimulative effects made by the motion of the FTA
between China and ASEAN.
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14.
After decades of neglect, a growing number of scholars have turned their attention to issues of crime and criminal justice
in the rural context. Despite this improvement, rural crime research is underdeveloped theoretically, and is little informed
by critical criminological perspectives. In this article, we introduce the broad tenets of a multi-level theory that links
social and economic change to the reinforcement of rural patriarchy and male peer support, and in turn, how they are linked
to separation/divorce sexual assault. We begin by addressing a series of misconceptions about what is rural, rural homogeneity
and commonly held presumptions about the relationship of rurality, collective efficacy (and related concepts) and crime. We
conclude by recommending more focused research, both qualitative and quantitative, to uncover specific link between the rural
transformation and violence against women.
This paper was presented at the 2006 annual meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Los Angeles, California. Some
of the research reported here was supported by National Institute of Justice Grant 2002-WG-BX-0004 and financial assistance
provided by the College of Arts and Sciences and the Office of the Vice President for Research at Ohio University. Arguments
and findings included in this article are those of the authors and do not represent the official position of the US Department
of Justice or Ohio University. Please send all correspondence to Walter S. DeKeseredy, e-mail: walter.dekeseredy@uoit.ca.
All of the names of the women who participated in DeKeseredy and colleagues’ rural Ohio study and who are quoted have been
changed to maintain confidentiality.
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15.
Seeking a grounding in Buchanan (Cost and choice: an inquiry in economic theory, 1969) subjective theory of opportunity cost,
this paper sets out to fix a notional locus of the law in order to determine the cost of law enforcement. The paper also explores
the impact of unlawful activities on the economy and analyses the evolution of individual criminal activities in collective
criminal organizations such as the mafia.
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16.
Lack of action on cross-border environmental problems in developing countries is often ascribed to gaps in local capacity
and resources, failure of regional cooperation and lack of financial support from rich countries. Using the case of the Southeast
Asian Haze pollution from forest and peat fires in Indonesia, we explore the challenges posed by environmental problems whose
causes are closely linked to local development and livelihood strategies, and whose impacts are local, regional (haze) as
well as global (carbon emissions). We assess whether there are real opportunities to implement effectively the recent Association
of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. To address the deep determinants behind haze
pollution, we propose signatories to the Agreement refocus their efforts to controlling peat fires rather than to strive for
a zero-burning regime. We also recommend a new approach to financing sustainable development based on rules and incentives,
with a regional pool of funds, contributed by rich countries through the Global Environment Facility and countries in Southeast
Asia.
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17.
This article reviews studies of China’s correctional system and recidivism in approximately the last two decades. Studies
on the Chinese correctional system may be grouped into two subfields, one on studies of the correctional system itself (e.g.,
the composition and the function of the system), and the other on studies of prison inmates in other related topics (e.g.,
their criminal behavior). Studies on China’s recidivism showed a very low recidivism rate, and China’s crime prevention strategies
were closely related to its societal structure and social control. Future studies in these two areas need to focus on the
most recent changes in the Chinese criminal justice system, and gain more access to Chinese prisons to do empirical testing.
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18.
Questions and answers about incapacitation abound in all discussions about criminal justice policy. They are among the most
pressing of all research issues, yet estimates about the incapacitation effect on crime vary considerably, and most are based
on very old and incomplete estimates of the longitudinal pattern of criminal careers. This paper provides an overview of the
incapacitation issue, highlights information on recent estimates of criminal careers that are useful to the incapacitation
model, and outlines an ambitious research agenda for continued and expanded work on incapacitation and crime that centers
on developing better estimates of the characteristics of criminal careers and their relevance to policy choices.
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19.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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