法的移植与法的本土化探析

本文从对法律是否能够移植的争论入手,着重分析了法律移植与本土化及立法成本的关系,指出法律移植是一种必然的文化现象,文章最后希望我国加大法律移植力度,以便早日完善有中国特色的社会主义法律体系。     

法的理想

法的理想,作为人类对法追求的终极目标,指导着包括立法、司法、执法、法律实现等所有的法律实践活动。 本文首先介绍了法的理想提出的社会背景,明确了法的理想的概念及其特征,然后提出作为对法律发展的未来展望与美好蓝图, 民主与法治是法的理想的永恒追求。最后,文章指出法律继承、法律移植和法律创新是法的理想实现的途径。     

对欧美“法律东方主义”的反思与超越

法律东方主义是欧美社会想象与误读中国法的结果,表现为欧美学者以西方法治标准来理解检验中国法。欧洲法律东方主义影响到美国,导致美国社会与学术界对中国法产生各种偏见与自负。1882年美国排华法案与民国时期美国驻沪法院"治外法权"的存在是美国法律东方主义的体现,是美国法制历史变迁中的阴影部分。美国学者络德睦对美国中国法研究中的传统思维定式进行了反思,指出美国法学学术界对中国法的认知存在很多偏见与自负。后殖民法学理论作为后现代法学理论的分支,依附与从属于美国的主流法学,美国学者反思法律东方主义是为了消除美国法律历史上的阴影,为主流法学的发展提供参鉴。中国法学面临的现实问题与美国有所不同,各自的司法背景也迥异,后殖民法学理论有其学术价值,但吸纳判例教义学体系的精髓才是学习美国法的优先选项。     

法律殖民与法文化品格的塑造——以澳门刑法文化为中心的考察

澳门的刑法文化在中西法律文化的碰撞与融合中极具典型性。就发展的历史时期特点而言,澳门刑法文化的发展史可分为五个阶段,即混合管辖权时期(从"单一性"走向"双向性"),殖民时期(法律殖民),非殖民化运动期(去殖民化),非殖民化过渡期(本地化),高度自治期(澳人治澳)。融合中西法律传统的澳门刑法体现出人文关怀、谦抑性、轻刑化等法文化品格。澳门刑法文化的发展历程及其品格使我们更加清晰地认知法律殖民下的澳门刑法如何完成了本土化,并在这个历程中塑造独具一格的法文化品格。这为当下中国法律移植与本土化乃至中国法的品格塑造提供一定意义上的启示。     

比较法研究中的中国法——关于法律的地位和权力组织形式的思考

在比较法研究中,中国法一直占有重要地位,但在主流的西方比较法文献中,西方法是正统,中国法只处于边缘地位。法律在社会中不占主导地位,一直是西方人眼中中国传统法的主要特点。西方学者认为,中国传统法具有专制主义、集权主义的特征,这同中国的“治水社会”的历史有着密切联系。改革开放以来中国经济与社会的发展,对西方有关中国法的观点以及法律和社会发展的模式提出了挑战。在法律的地位和集权与分权问题上,不应把中国法与西方法绝对对立起来,西方和中国在处理熟人关系和陌生人关系,应对正常状态和非常状态问题上有许多相近之处,它们是中国与西方共同面对的问题。把中国法研究放在西方各种法律进化模式中虽然具有参考价值,但终归是靠不住的,应转到以问题为中心的轨道。     

中国社会转型与法的统一性

社会转型必然引起法的理论和制度体系的统一性运动。殷周之际的社会转型形成了道德人文法思想和礼乐刑政模式;春秋战国至秦汉的社会转型形成了礼法结合、德主刑辅的法律思想和制度模式;唐宋之间的社会变动,没有改变法的统一性,但理学使法的统一理论达到了顶峰,实现了哲理、法理与情理,天理、国法与人情的贯通与融合。晚清社会转型,使传统中国法的统一性解体,同时开启了新的中国法的统一性运动。法的统一性在传统中国有其必然性和长期性,而且是统一在道德原理之上的,这对未来中国法的统一性仍有其价值。当代中国法正在道德与自由这两个基本原理的支配和社会主义平等理念的指引下向着新的统一性的方向发展。     

东法西渐视角下的“法律东方主义”

美国学者络德睦界定的“法律东方主义”,忽略了中国法在东法西渐历史中所具有的更为丰富的内容和更为重要的作用。从东法西渐的视角看,他所界定的“法律东方主义”不仅在内容上不够完整,而且意识形态色彩较浓。中国法之于西方整个东法西渐的历史表明：第一,近代以来西法东渐的叙事框架不能完全定位中国法,应将中国法放置于整个东法西渐的历史进程中看待;第二,中国法在历史上并不只是传播于东亚儒家文化圈,在很长一段时间也参与到西方法的构建之中,是西方法发展的重要参照资源之一;第三,中国法在东法西渐过程中的正反例证,构筑了一种跨文化法律交流的应有范式。中华优秀传统法律文化要向世界扩大自身影响力,需要重视并反思这段历史。     

杰·柯恩教授访谈录--中国法研究、法律改革及其他

杰罗姆·柯恩 (ＪｅｒｏｍｅＡ .Ｃｏｈｅｎ)教授是美国当代中国法研究的开创人之一。从 60年代初开始研究中国法以来 ,柯恩教授对美国的中国法研究做出了重要的贡献。这些贡献包括 :创建哈佛大学法学院东亚法律研究中心、倡导中美之间在法律和其他方面的友好合作与交流 (包括担任北京—纽约姐妹城市美方主席 )、积极协助中国当代的法律改革、培养大量专长于中国法的海外学者和律师等等。 (对柯恩教授更详细的介绍 ,可参见《美国的中国法研究 :杰罗姆·柯恩教授纪念论文集》序言 ,载北大法律信息网 ,ｈｔｔｐ ://2 1 1 1 .1 0 0 .1 8.62 /ｆ…     

浅谈法的本质

本文从国家意志、社会物质生活条件、经济以外的因素对法的影响、法的基本特征等方面阐述了法律的本质,并联系我国的社会性质和基本国情等,简要分析了当代中国法的本质。     

论中国的法社会学研究

法社会学在中国是一门新兴学科,也是一种法学方法论,引领我们通过法律来研究社会,通过社会来研究法律。法社会学作为一个理论体系,对当前我国法治秩序的建构具有重要的指导作用。本文通过反思中国法社会学研究的现状,提出了构建此门学科的初步设想。     

Legal Transplants and Legal Downloads

Online legal education has the potential to address a global audience. But little attention has been paid so far to the question of how teaching methods developed in one jurisdiction interact with the substantive law of another legal system. This paper challenges the assumption of the independence of substantive law and law teaching on the basis of a comparative evaluation of online law tutorials in Scotland and Germany. It concludes that the transplanting legal education, as transplanting substantive law, can have unpredictable consequences.     

Introduction: Is it Possible to Produce Gender/Sexual Justice in Greater China and Singapore?

In the article, the author argues that since injustice still exists in the milieu of Gender and Sexuality of Greater China and Singapore; legal reform has to be introduced. In the age of Globalization, related legal reform can be carried out by transplanting related law from other jurisdictions, but cautions should be applied in handling the dynamics/dialogue between indigenous traditions and modernities. The article also discusses how religion can be facilitated as a platform where transplantation can happen smoothly.     

统一司法考试与合格法律人才的培养及选拔

合格法律人才的培养和选拔是中国法治事业的基础,但我国目前的法学教育、司法考试、职前职后培训等制度无论是作为个体还是整体都存在诸多问题。本文以武汉市司法局的司考数据为基础,对司法考试制度进行了全面深入探讨;同时对法学教育、司法研修和入职后的继续教育进行了深入分析和一条龙式的总体规划,阐明合格法律人才的培养和选拔不仅要注重知识,更要注重技能,这样才能真正培养和筛选出合格的法律人才。     

Religion, State Power, and Domestic Violence in Muslim Societies: A Framework for Comparative Analysis

This article focuses on the issue of domestic violence in Muslim societies in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia. The analytical framework is comparative, emphasizing four factors and the interplay among them: shari'a (Islamic law), state power, intrafamily violence, and struggles over women's rights. The comparative approach historicizes the problem of domestic violence and impunity to consider the impact of transnational legal discourses (Islamism and human rights) on "local" struggles over rights and law. The use of shari'a creates some commonalities in gender and family relations in Muslim societies, notably the sanctioning and maintenance of male authority over female relatives. However, the most important issue for understanding domestic violence and impunity is the relationship between religion and state power. This relationship takes three forms: communalization, in which religious law is separate from the national legal regime; nationalization, in which the state incorporates religious law into the national legal regime; and theocratization, in which the national legal regime is based on religious law.     

European Law and International Regimes: The Features of Law Beyond the Nation State

Different forms of law are perceived of as possessing differing degrees of legal quality. A quality continuum suggests itself, running from 'high quality' national law, through to 'lesser quality' European law and to 'low quality' international law. This article seeks to explain the perceived differences in the quality of these laws with reference to legal theoretical perceptions of what it is that constitutes the law's quality. It argues that only a theory of law which identifies the core of the law's integrity as lying in its ability to act as a fulcrum between spheres of social and public discourse and the exercise of power can fully explain the divergence in legal quality between national, European and international law. With specific regard to the quality of European law, it concludes by arguing that it is weakened by its relative lack of social internalisation—in comparison with a higher degree of legal and political internalisation—within the European public.     

医学生对医疗损害法律制度的认知现状调研

为了提高医学生的法律意识,谨慎地对待患者的生命权与健康权,防范医疗纠纷和医疗事故的发生。本文以《侵权责任法》医疗损害责任制度及相关卫生法规为切入点,评估医学院校学生对医疗损害法律制度的认知现状,对学生进行医学法学知识测评和问卷调查,结果表明,学生对法律条文的理解与临床实践存在很大差异,在校生与实习生、西医类专业与中医类专业学生医学法学成绩存在显著差异,实习可有效提高学生的认知。本研究提示,学生对医疗损害法律制度的认知不足与教师卫生法学知识的不足、学时有限、医学与法学课程缺乏学科间的交叉整合、缺少复合型师资、专业类别等密切相关。     

Legal Mobilization on the Terrain of the State: Creating a Field of Immigrant Rights Lawyering in France and the United States

Scholarship on law and social movements has focused attention primarily on the United States, and secondarily on countries that share the Anglo‐American legal tradition. The politics of law and social movements in other national legal contexts remains underexamined. The analysis in this article contrasts legal mobilizations for immigrant rights in France and the United States, and explores the relations between national fields of power and legal practices. I trace the institutionalization of immigrant rights legal organizations in each country and argue that the divergent organizational forms and litigation strategies adopted by professionalized movement organizations reflect the dynamics of the nationally distinct fields of power relations within which law reform has been conducted. My analysis links the material and symbolic resources available to law reformers to the relative authority of private and public juridical actors in each state.     

Horizontal Liability for Damages in EU Law—the Changing Relationship of EU and National Law

The article focuses on damages liability between private parties—referred to as horizontal liability—that is based on EU law. Generally, this kind of liability may be based on EU secondary legislation or be derived from substantive EU law and legal principles. The article seeks to analyse the latter: liability in an area of EU law where so‐called procedural autonomy still, at least apparently, prevails. Special attention is paid to the lively interface between EU law and national remedies and to the increasing EU law requirements for the enforcement of EU law in national courts. Recent case‐law on private liability for damages caused by competition infringements is discussed as part of a more general question concerning the ways in which the relationship of EU law and national enforcement frameworks is developing.     

Why Do the European Court of Justice Judges Need Legal Concepts?

The article considers the reasons why the European Court of Justice (ECJ) judges need legal concepts when they pronounce their judgments. It points out that the ECJ as a law‐interpreting and an ipso facto law‐making court needs legal concepts to communicate results of its interpretative and law‐making enterprise. The article also shows how in the context of Article 234 EC preliminary ruling procedure legal concepts become useful tools of portraying ECJ judgments as mere products of interpretation and not as the results of subsuming the facts of the case into a legal provision. It is by means of application of legal concepts, that the ECJ judges are able to justify that they are not overstepping the mandate they have been entrusted with. In the same time the use of legal concepts enables them to engage in dialogue with national judges, who seek guidance as to the content of EC law rules, and to maintain a strong doctrine of precedent. Most importantly, however, the use of concepts promotes coherence which, the article maintains, is the primary source of Community law's authority, and thus constitutes the foundational technique of persuading the relevant audience that Community law is indeed a legal system.     

我国环境法律中的国家安全刍议

鉴于国家安全在我国经济和社会可持续发展中居于举足轻重的地位,本文从国家安全的内涵及其发展入手,论述运用环境法律制度保障国家安全的现实急迫性和法理基础,最后提出完善相关环境法律维护国家安全的建议措施。