Principal-agent problems in international organizations

The paper provides a framework for analysing control problems in international organisations and reviews the disparate evidence from a public-choice perspective. Most examples concern the European Union, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the International Labour Organisation. International organisations suffer from principal-agent problems more than other public or private organisations do because the chain of delegation is more extended. As survey evidence demonstrates, the actors in international organisations do not share the preferences of the citizens because they have vested interests, and the citizens believe that they have least influence at the international level. The paper argues that national and international parliaments, the national governments and international supervisory boards or courts cannot solve the principal-agent problem due to severe information cost and weak or distorted incentives. JEL codes H79 · H11     

The political strategy of external aid

When creating a process of international aid, the definition of a political strategy is critically important. In theory, a government able to deliver services and goods to its population and to guarantee participation in decision-making might not need the presence of international aid. International aid should bridge an existing gap between a government and its own population by adopting a relevant political strategy. This viewpoint proposes a reference framework for international cooperation actors to define their basic political strategy and provides a comprehensive framework for situating different political strategies into a wider approach.     

发展中国家劳务输出的经济学：以越南为例

本文主要对越南开展国际劳务合作情况进行研究,主要回顾越南20多年来参与国际劳务输出的历程,对越南劳务输出采取的举措、劳务输出的特点、劳务输出对越南经济社会发展的贡献进行较为全面的分析,同时认为越南对外劳务合作机遇与挑战并存,如果加强统筹规划,对外劳务合作定将大有作为。     

金砖四国金融服务贸易国际竞争力研究

近年来,国际服务贸易发展迅猛,日益成为衡量一个国家竞争力的重要指标。随着金融市场的逐步开放,中国、印度、俄罗斯和巴西被称为金砖四国的金融服务贸易得到快速发展。但在对金砖四国金融服务贸易指标的比较中我们发现,中国的金融服务贸易不仅远远落后于世界平均水平,在金砖四国内部比较中也处于劣势地位。针对我国金融服务贸易现阶段的情况,我们要加快实施"走出去"战略,提升营销能力,加强金砖四国在金融领域的合作,完善金融体制,改变增长方式,学习香港经验,增强资源整合优势,进一步拓展金融服务外包市场,加强对金融服务贸易人才的培养和引进等措施来提高中国金融服务贸易的国际竞争力。     

抢抓机遇，实现中俄经贸科技合作新突破——赴俄罗斯考察中俄经贸科技合作情况的报告

20 0 1年 4月 ,黑龙江省赴俄经贸考察团分四个组对俄罗斯远东、西伯利亚地区以及莫斯科市进行了考察活动。考察人员一致认为 ,目前俄罗斯政治局面基本稳定 ,经济出现了恢复性增长 ,俄制定了一系列促进经济发展的新政策 ;黑龙江省与俄地方友好往来逐年增多 ,已奠定了良好的经贸科技合作基础 ,但合作层次低、规模小、领域窄的问题仍然存在 ;黑龙江省与俄开展经贸科技合作的潜力巨大 ,前景广阔。通过此次考察还总结了促进中俄经贸科技合作的六点有益的启示。考察活动成效很大 ,达到了预期的效果。     

Stakeholders’ relations and power dynamics in development cooperation: lessons learnt from Egypt

One of the key factors why international development cooperation programmes do not achieve sustainable results is their failure to respond to the dynamics of local stakeholders’ relations. This article highlights the case of a fruit and vegetable market in an informal area of Greater Cairo that was redeveloped by a programme supported by German International Cooperation. Although the market was developed using participatory methods, the vendors deserted it. Analysis reveals the conflicting interests of vendors and the district administration were reflected in divergent models of market operation. The paper recommends that development cooperation recognise the legitimacy of existing power structures and stakeholders’ relations.     

Understanding the workings of interstate cooperation in defence: an exploration into Franco-British cooperation after the signing of the Lancaster House Treaty

Cooperation occurs more often than conflict in the international system. However, its practicalities have been little conceptualised in International Relations. Through an empirical study of the workings of contemporary Franco-British cooperation in defence, this article offers a multidimensional analysis of interstate cooperation taking into account organisational, political, material and cognitive factors. By studying their centripetal and centrifugal effects, this article shows why each factor is relevant for understanding what favours and impedes the emergence and continuation of intergovernmental cooperation. It notably demonstrates how domestic interorganisational dynamics have an impact on relations with foreign partners. This article also shows how bridging the traditional divide between approaches based on interests and approaches based on beliefs allows us to identify the evolutionary dynamic of cooperation.     

WTO 2.0: Governance of 21st century trade

The cross-border flows of goods, investment, services, know-how and people associated with international production networks–call it ‘supply-chain trade’ for short–has transformed the world. The WTO has not kept pace. This paper argues that adapting world trade governance to the realities of supply-chain trade will require a new organization–a WTO 2.0 as it were. Reasoning on the optimal nature of the new organization is based on the nature of supply-chain trade, the nature of the disciplines that underpin it, and the nature of the gains from cooperation.     

The Power of the Chair: Formal Leadership in International Cooperation

This article addresses the influence wielded by the formal leaders of international cooperation—those state or supranational representatives that chair and direct negotiations in the major decision bodies of multilateral organizations and conferences. This is a topic that so far has received limited systematic attention by IR theorists, who have tended to treat bargaining parties as functionally and formally equivalent, leaving little theoretical space for formal leadership. Drawing on rational choice institutionalism, I introduce a theory that develops a coherent argument for the delegation of authority to the chairmanship, the power resources of negotiation chairs, and the influence of formal leaders over outcomes. I assess the explanatory power of this theory through evidence on formal leadership in three alternative organizational settings: the European Union, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade/the World Trade Organization, and the United Nations environmental conferences. I find in favor of the chairmanship as a source of independent influence in international cooperation. Formal leaders perform functions of agenda management, brokerage, and representation that make it more likely for negotiations to succeed, and possess privileged resources that may enable them to steer negotiations toward the agreements they most prefer.     

国际经济危机背景下东北地区对俄劳务输出研究

对俄劳务合作是东北地区与俄罗斯经济合作一项重要的内容,对于双方的经济发展起到了极大的促进的作用。但是国际危机爆发以来又给双方的劳务合作提出了新的要求,也出现了新的问题,双方应该共同努力,克服经济危机带来的的不利影响,使东北地区对俄劳务合作迈上一个新的台阶。     

次区域合作背景下国际河流通航利用的冲突模式——澜沧江—湄公河与图们江的实践比较

探索国际河流合作通航中的经验及模式,对于化解矛盾和早日实现图们江合作通航有着重要意义。以次区域合作为背景,运用地缘政治与地缘经济理论与方法,对澜沧江—湄公河与图们江通航实践进行比较分析,基于正反经验提出了合作通航的冲突模式。研究表明,在国际河流的合作通航中,地缘政治向地缘经济的转移是前提条件,次区域合作是主要推动力,多维利益的平衡是核心问题,签署和规范国际河流法是根本保障。针对图们江合作通航中的矛盾冲突,指出了化解途径。     

The Fundamental Role of International (Criminal) Law in the War in Ukraine

The repercussions of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine are reverberating around the world. The multilateral and coordinated response of the international community to Russia’s unprovoked war in Ukraine was immediate and has been waged on multiple fronts. While the world’s major powers are focused on the best strategies to face the ongoing conflict, international humanitarian law and human rights law are violated every day in Ukraine. Innocent civilians are tortured, killed, or obliged to leave their city or country to avoid the worst atrocities, while civilian buildings and infrastructure are destroyed. This article examines the most relevant decisions adopted at the international level and identifies possible solutions to prosecute and punish international crimes perpetrated in Ukraine. International (criminal) law and cooperation between states and international organizations will play a crucial role in the fight against impunity for those responsible for the worst atrocities against the Ukrainian population.     

再访俄罗斯

黑龙江省社会科学院代表团赴新西伯利亚参加中俄区域合作与发展国际会议,并顺访了哈巴罗夫斯克、莫斯科,考察了市场物价和在俄中国民营企业状况,就引进俄罗斯光学影像工艺技术进行了参观、洽谈,此外还参观了莫斯科新圣女公墓、瞻仰了列宁墓。中俄学者在中俄区域合作与发展国际会议和新西伯利亚圆桌会议上的发言针对性强,提出了许多促进中俄区域合作的真知灼见。     

Crisis of governance: Devising strategy to counter international organized crime

This article presents a five‐part strategy to combat International Organized Crime (IOC). First, it establishes the need for ongoing assessments: what is known and what needs to be known about IOC, as well as what opportunities exist to influence its operations? Second, the US must establish a clear‐cut and annunciated policy and strategy that draws on the resources of its many relevant agencies as well as international cooperation. Third, the US should endeavour to lead an international effort to enhance law enforcement. Fourth, law enforcement alone will be inadequate. Containing and neutralizing IOC will require disruption activities as well. Fifth, there is a need for private‐sector education programs to prevent successful criminal enterprises.     

国际气候安全与气候技术合作困境与对策

全球气候变化正在带来严重的国际安全风险，气候问题已经与国家安全深度绑定。气候安全的治理能否成功，很大程度上取决于气候技术的选择及其全球普及程度。当前，国际社会积极利用先进气候技术实现气候安全面临着多重困难。文章对国际气候技术合作存在的障碍、未来合作方向和机制建设进行梳理，并以中美气候技术合作为例，探讨克服气候技术合作障碍的可能路径。解决气候技术合作难题，需要知识产权保护制度的改革和行业技术规范的供给。中美作为全球最大的两个经济体和碳排放国，宜进一步加强气候技术合作，履行大国责任，向发展中国家积极转让清洁能源技术，并借此契机重塑彼此互信，扩大科技领域的合作空间。     

东南亚国家应对气候变化合作现状

气候变化作为一个全球性问题，不仅需要单个国家和地区采取行动，更需要国际社会的共同努力来缓解和适应气候变化给人类社会带来影响。本文则着重探讨东南亚地区为应对全球气候变化问题采取的行动，以及加强区域气候合作为达成更广泛的国际合作协议做出自身的努力，指出东南亚气候合作中存在的问题及前景。     

Face up to History, Enhance Mutual Trust and Develop Friendly Relationship

AttheinvitationoftheChineseAssociationForIn-ternationalUnderstanding(CAFIU),a7-memberdelegationoftheInternationalInitiativesofChangeAssociationofJapan(IICAJ)headedbyToruHashimoto,AdvisorofJapanMizuhoFinancialGroup,PresidentoftheJapaneseBranchoftheDeustchBankGroupandPresidentoftheIICAJvisitedChinafromOctober10to16,2004.DuringtheirstayinBeijing,thedelegationmetseparatelywithMr.WanGuoquan,formerVice-PresidentoftheChinesePeople'sPoliticalConsultativeConfer-enceandAdvisorofCAF…     

中韩第三方市场合作:进展、阻力与对策

第三方市场合作是中韩两国参与国际分工协作的新型合作模式,也是两国发展战略对接与比较优势互补的重要经济实践。中韩第三方市场合作在产品服务、工程建设、投资合作、产融结合和战略合作五个领域打造了一系列重要工程,不仅加深中韩两国的合作基础,还为第三方市场的经济发展注入新动力。但其中存在诸多挑战,产业结构的竞争、复杂的营商环境、域外大国因素的介入以及中韩经济波动等都对中韩第三方市场合作造成了阻力。因此,开拓战略新兴产业、打造示范工程、创新金融合作和完善协调机制,是实现中韩第三方市场合作可持续发展的重要保障。     

International Strategy and Security in 2011

The world economic recovery is still fraught with multiple risks.Political,economic and social transformations at the global level,and changes in patterns of international relations will require short-...     

东北亚区域经济合作的政治环境

国际政治环境不仅是一个国家制定内、外政策的依据,更是影响其发展的关键因素。东北亚国际政治环境对于区域经济合作具有重要意义。东北亚这一区域正在经历全球体系中发生的三项重大变革:即,全球化、现代化与国际体系力量核心的转移。这些变革直接影响到区域内的国家之间的关系及其地区内的格局。其中,全球化、国际体系与国家关系的演变对区域合作产生重要的影响。