马来西亚印度人的由来及其困境研究

印度人是马来西亚的第三大民族,但与马来西亚其他民族相比,印度人是一个长期被忽视的群体.本文拟对马来西亚的印度人作一概述,分析其移民马来半岛的历史,并对独立后马来西亚印度人在政治、经济、民族教育等方面所面临的困境作一探讨.     

族群冲突对缅甸民主转型的影响

缅甸是一个族群状况复杂的国家,族群问题在缅甸政治中占据重要地位。独立运动时期,缅甸各民族的团结被放在了首要地位,并通过《彬龙协议》相互约定独立后采取民族自治的联邦制。但是,独立后的缅甸政府却在联邦制和民族自治上有名无实,相反强调"一个种族(缅甸族)、一种语言(缅甸语)、一个宗教(佛教)"的强制民族融合政策,这直接造成了国内大规模的族群冲突。2003年8月缅甸政府推进民主转型以来,族群冲突依然成为阻碍民主转型的重要障碍,甚至还将完全逆转民主转型,如何解决该冲突成为当前缅甸政治中的重要问题。     

马来西亚华裔的社会运动(1957-2007)

自独立以来,马来西亚华人社群除了透过政党政治、利益游说等体制内方式从事政治参与和影响政策以外,也通过动员体制外的力量,以社会运动的形式,试图介入政策制定过程.马来西亚华人社群透过社会运动,令社会和国家建立了沟通的管道,对政治民主与社会正义做出重要贡献.然而,社会运动的出现,也意味着正常的体制管道存有不足,因此必须将之放在国家与社会的视角中加以解释.因此本文认为,马来西亚华人社群的社会运动需要承担起双重任务,既要抗衡国家,也得服务社会,并把两者有机地联系起来.     

马来西亚华族争取民族母语教育的抗争

马来西亚保留了中国以外最完整的华文教育体系 ,这是华族半个多世纪拼死抗争的结果。本文从华人反对政府单元文化教育的制定、争取列华文为官方语文、维护华小不变质等几个方面分析了马华人为发展母语教育不断抗争的历程。     

马来西亚的马来人经济政策

马来西亚推行的马来人经济政策,包括农村经济政策和扶持马来人进入工商领域和专业服务领域的政策,有关政策使马来人土著全面参与各个经济领域,经济状况有明显改善.本文认为,政府通过倾向性政策减轻大多数马来人的贫困,有利于马来西亚社会的稳定发展.     

在国家认同与族群认同之间：马来西亚国家教育体制内的华文教育发展

马来西亚是一个多元族群国家,各族群之间能够保持融洽的关系,除了政治、经济、历史等多重因素,马来西亚教育政策特别是教学媒介语的作用也不可小觑。马来西亚教育政策规划以马来文为主要教学媒介语,以建构民众的国家认同为目标,而华人则通过制宪的努力,成功把华文教育纳入国家教育体制内,以期通过华文教育达到塑造族群认同的目的。本文尝试以国家教育体制内的主要华文教育机构——华小、华中和马来亚大学中文系为研究对象,探讨这三个教育机构所构成的系统如何达至平衡国家认同和族群认同的教育目标,进而完成跨族群交融,维护族群之间的和谐,为传承族群文化和维持国家稳定发挥了不可替代的作用。这一研究不仅有助于我们更加全面地了解马来西亚华文教育的发展状况,也为研究马来西亚华文教育提供了另一种思路。     

当代马来西亚中国大陆留学生的主要特点

随着马来西亚留学政策的转变,中马两国教育交流合作得以广泛展开.中国大陆赴东南亚"跳板国家"--马来西亚的曲线留学,一度成为留学新热点.当代马来西亚中国大陆留学生作为沟通中马文化的载体,在总体素养、留学趋势等方面形成自己的特色,开展对当代马来西亚中国大陆留学生问题的研究,对丰富中国东南亚留学生问题的研究具有一定的理论意义.     

一党独大下马来西亚多党联盟政治的发展

马来西亚"巫统"一党独大下的多党联盟政治体制,在国家政治生活中居领导地位.数十年的政治稳定,成为马来西亚政治发展的重要特色,而谋求多元族群政治仍将是未来马来西亚政治发展的可能趋势之一.     

多元竞争环境下的马来西亚政治生态

本文旨在分析马来西亚近期政治生态中的若干重要变化,并对竞争环境下马来西亚政治行为体的行为规律进行探讨。本文认为,马来西亚的政治生态正处在从威权政治向多元竞争型政治的快速转变过程中,政治上的生存—发展策略主要是绩效竞争、政治结盟、话语动员。     

Categorical Threat and Protest Policing: Patterns of Repression Before and After Democratic Transition in South Korea

This article challenges the view that protest policing depends on situational threats, such as violent, disruptive tactics and the size of protests, by analysing how categorical threats assigned to movement groups' social-demographic identities affect repression. An analysis of South Korea's democratic transition reveals that categorical threats importantly trigger differential repression after the transition. Compared to moderate “citizens' movements” that thrived during Korea's democratisation, the protests organised by “people's movements” incurred state repression after controlling for other alternative variables. The result is also supported by qualitative evidence from multiple in-depth interviews with activists. The implication of differential repression is discussed in terms of how a democratising state attempts to channel and regulate social movements.     

The Echo of Tlatelolco in Contemporary Mexican Protest Poetry

The shooting of a student demonstration in La Plaza de las Tres Culturas in the Tlatelolco district of Mexico City on 2 October 1968 has been the subject of many literary works, among which the Tlatelolco poetry addresses not only the event itself but also the aftermath of the massacre. Both approaches examine the relationship between the 'yo'/'nosotros' and 'ellos' constructs, focusing on the 'nosotros' construct as the result of this interaction. The following analysis of this process is based on the theory of self and Other, especially René Girard's theory of the mimetics of violence and the process of scapegoating as a basis for the relationship between the individual and society within the context of a violent conflict.     

The Migrant Workers' Movement in the Democratic Consolidation of Korea

This paper traces the rise of the migrant workers' movement in Korea and the conditions of their collective actions in the militant tradition of Korean democratisation. It does this with a focus on the causes of militancy and its similarities to and differences from the characteristics of Korean democratisation. This paper argues that some defects of the political system, the role of oppressive government policy, and intervention of non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are the combined reason for migrant worker militancy. However, this militant trend faces the challenge of the judicialisation of politics as democratic consolidation has been deepened and the legal order of society is emphasised. Judicialisation requires reconsideration on how to maximise one's interest through legal procedure rather than militant struggle. Such a legal approach, however, again confronts a dilemma in which simply following legal procedure will not generate any change in existing laws. Furthermore, according to various cleavage lines such as labour vs. capital, national vs. non-national, and native vs. foreign cultures, the priority of struggles in migrant workers and support groups has been differentiated into labour rights, political rights, and cultural rights. In this situation, the migrant workers' movement should be sensitive to locate its future agenda considering the needs of migrants as well as the changing context of Korean society.     

Party-Sponsored Protest and the Movement Society: The CDU/CSU Mobilises Against Citizenship Law Reform

In 1999, the CDU/CSU single-handedly launched an extremely successful petition drive against the SPD-Green citizenship law reform (in particular against dual citizenship). This article argues that four developments converged to explain this tactical innovation. First, Germany's political culture had become a 'social movement society', with even conservatives accepting protest as a political means. Second, the issue of immigration pressurised the party to adopt a hard-line stance in order to co-opt the extreme right. Third, the Kohl government had left a legacy of resistance to citizenship liberalisation and of populist exploitation of anti-foreigner sentiment. Fourth, the petition drive reflected the CDU/CSU's new opposition status and its internal struggle over agenda and leadership. The article concludes with a look at the CDU/CSU's subsequent use of plebiscitory tactics and the implications for the future of protest politics.     

The Mexican Presidential and Congressional Elections of 2000 and Democratic Transition

The article examines the presidential and congressional elections of July 2000 in Mexico. The elections brought to an end more than 70 years of single party government and the culmination of a gradual democratisation process stretching back at least a decade. The long term decline in the bases of support for the regime and the changing institutional rules for elections and parties are described by way of contextualising the campaign itself and its leading protagonists. While the new rules of the game guaranteed free and fair elections, issues of internal party democracy and negative, personality-based campaigning do not paint a universally rosy democratic picture. Analysis of the election results demonstrates how the opposition was able to move beyond its traditional geographic confines and challenge across the country. However, voters did not give an unambiguous victory to Vicente Fox; his alliance does not possess a majority in either house of congress. Divided government and developments in the party system are considered as two key issues that will shape Mexico's democratic future.     

Voting for Movement Parties in Southern Europe: The Role of Protest and Digital Information

In recent years ‘movement parties’ such as Syriza in Greece, the Movimento 5 Stelle in Italy, Podemos in Spain and—to a lesser extent—Bloco de Esquerda in Portugal shook national party systems, breaking the consolidated dynamics of political competition. Despite growing interest in movement parties, there has been scant attention to the role of citizens adopting unconventional forms of action and using digital media in accounting for their electoral performance. To fill this gap, four original internet-based post-electoral surveys are employed showing that protesters and digital media users are more likely to vote for these parties, despite important country differences.     

Repression, Opportunity, and Protest: Explaining the Takeoff of Brazil's Landless Movement

During the mid-1990s, Brazil experienced a rapid intensification of protest for land reform. Official land reform efforts also accelerated, and the issue became a central topic of public concern and debate. This article seeks to account for the abrupt intensification of collective action and to explain its relationship to the other changes, focusing on the political impact of two massacres of landless protesters in 1995 and 1996. These incidents forced authorities to accelerate land reform and to exercise somewhat greater caution in repressing the movement. The shifts in state behavior then helped to accelerate collective action. This argument lends weight to the idea that state repression against a social movement can sometimes serve to engender even greater protest. It also identifies a previously undescribed causal mechanism, political opportunity, linking repression to protest.     

The Japanese Movement to Protest Wartime Sexual Violence: A Survey of Japanese and International Literature

ABSTRACT

This paper contributes a genealogical perspective to the social sciences study of robots in Japan, proposing a widely applicable research on “robot cultures.” The author discusses the corporate and governmental strategies and mechanisms that are shaping a national robot culture through establishing robot “lineages” and a national robot history which can have significant implications for both humans and robots. The paper contributes discussions on monozukuri (manufacturing) and Nihonjinron (theories on “Japaneseness”) to the existing anthropological consideration of robots, by examining links between monozukuri and robots, robot genealogy, popular culture and robots, and different social rituals and sites that help the enculturation of robots. The paper draws attention to the power relations and hegemonies of robot culture which also imply the existence of plurality and diversity that will require further scholarly attention as the robot phenomenon unfolds.