WTO框架下的“环境例外”措施及其适用规则

本文分析了国际贸易规则与环境例外措施的相互关系,讨论了环境例外措施的主要内容,总结了适用环境例外措施的基本规则,并评析了中国实施环境例外措施的法律基础和经验教训。     

Punishment and Beyond: Achieving Justice Through the Satisfaction of Multiple Goals

We investigated the hypothesis that people's need for punishment does not preclude a desire for restorative sanctions that address the repairing of the harm to victims and communities caused by wrongdoing. Study 1 showed that although people felt it was important to punish the offender to achieve justice, they viewed additional justice goals as equally necessary. Study 2 revealed that people viewed sanctions as differentially able to fulfill various justice goals. Study 3 showed that the target on which respondents focused—the offender, victim, or community—determined which sanctions they selected to achieve justice; and that people did tend, by default, to focus on punishing the offender when responding to crime. These findings, taken together, suggest that people view the satisfaction of multiple justice goals as an appropriate and just response to wrongdoing, which allows for a possible reconciliation between the "conflicting" goals of restorative and retributive justice.     

WTO与环保有关的贸易条款评析

WTO《马拉喀什建立世界贸易组织协定》、GATT1 994、《技术性贸易壁垒协定》、《实施卫生与植物卫生措施协定》、《补贴与反补贴措施协定》、《农业协定》、《服务贸易总协定》和《与贸易有关的知识产权协定》以及《政府采购协定》中均含有与环境保护有关的贸易条款。如何应对与运用这些条款并推动它们的进一步完善 ,是我们面临的重要问题 ,而这一问题的解决必须建立在对它们的深刻理解的基础上。     

Electoral Rules and Party Switching: How Legislators Prioritize Their Goals

Stemming from ambition theory, a vast body of studies has demonstrated how politicians' pursuits of different goals can explain their behaviors. Among other goals, politicians strive for re‐election or to attain a better office. However, little is known about the way politicians prioritize these goals. This article uses the phenomenon of legislative party switching to address this void and examines how hierarchy between goals determines legislator strategies. The study exploits the 2008 Romanian electoral reform, which rendered the electoral system more candidate centered. Drawing on data from more than 3,900 individual‐level observations over the period from 1996 to 2012, this article shows how vote incentives alter the trade‐offs between re‐election and office motivations. The findings suggest that politicians will pursue office goals only if the goal of re‐election is to be achieved.     

WTO的环境立场与环境规则

当环境保护和可持续发展成为世界主流之时,作为经济贸易协调机制的GATT-WTO也对之充分重视。通过30年的研究、讨论、争端解决过程,WTO逐渐确立了其对环境问题的态度,在贸易规则中加入环境保护的内容。但是这些规则仍有待于进一步深化、具体和明确。可以预期环境问题将会成为国际贸易中的主要问题,面临着2002年约翰内斯堡世界可持续发展峰会,WTO的多哈回合会在环境问题上建立更多的规则。中国应当在国际法和国内法层面为实现可持续发展努力。     

WTO环境规则与我国环境法律制度的完善及创新思考

在当前我国投资与贸易得到了迅猛发展的同时,伴随而来的是生态环境也遭受到严重破坏。按照WTO可持续发展目标,正确处理贸易发展和环境保护的关系,我国现行若干环境法律制度尚且存在种种问题,需要在研究借鉴发达国家相关环境立法与司法判例的基础上予以完善:改革与建立环境评价中的公众参与制度;改排污费制度为排污征税制度;完善与创新环境民事责任、刑事责任和行政责任制度。     

New Challenges for International Rules Against Cyber-Crime

In light of the borderless nature of cyber-crime, international legislation and action are essential to combat the phenomenon. Current legal instruments, as well as continuing efforts of international organizations, provide a significant basis in this area. However, important issues are still open, such as a uniform or harmonized definition of the crimes and of the sanctions to be imposed on perpetrators, which are a prerequisite for avoiding domestic legislation taking different approaches to the subject matter. The clarification of these issues is also a prerequisite for enhancing international cooperation and making it effective, if this has to be based on the respect for the principle of dual criminality. In this context, it must also be stressed that interstate cooperation may not be sufficient if the private sector, including companies producing hardware and software, are not involved. Finally, a harmonized approach to jurisdictional issues, including careful consideration of the universality principle, would also play a critical role in combating cyber-crime.     

后Trips协议时代的国际贸易和知识产权规则

在WTO时代,正确地认识到知识产权保护发展的两个方面很重要,即：当多边知识产权保护协议的谈判陷入僵局时,就将知识产权问题与双边贸易协议挂钩,双边自由贸易协定（即FTAs）的大量出现就是例证;当多边贸易协议的谈判陷入僵局时就将知识产权问题的与贸易协议脱钩,签订了最新的反假冒贸易协议（即ACTA）。     

互惠与国际法规则的形成——博弈论视角的考察

互惠在国际法的形成，以及保障国际法的约束力上所具有的重要作用很多学者已有论及。但既往的研究主要在经验层面上加以描述，并未进入科学层面。近年来博弈论引入国际法的研究，为揭示国际法规则的实质开辟了新的视角。学者们对互惠的含义理解并不相同，帕瑞斯从博弈论视角对互惠的内涵以及它与国际法之间关系的见解深刻。他在对社会存在的五种博弈模式进行研究的基础上，把互惠分为结构性互惠、诱导互惠和随机互惠三种。这些互惠模式在缺乏中央权威的国际关系中，可以导致不同形式的合作，形成不同的国际法规则。可以说，互惠构成了国际关系中的元规则。不过，互惠也并非能解释国际法一切规范的形成，强互惠所产生的利他行为就难以在互惠的框架内加以解释，而这却解释了像维护人权和国际共同利益这类对某些国家来说并非有益的价值和制度的生成。     

强行规则对国际商事仲裁的规范

为了实现公正、效率及当事人合理期望等目标,国际商事仲裁的少部分重要方面必须采用强行规则予以规范,对于其他事项则应出于尊重当事人意愿而选择非强行规则调整。从现状和趋势来看,境外各国家或地区强行规则规范的对象大多限于国际商事仲裁协议效力要件、根本性程序及司法审查等事项。我国仲裁法中关于这些事项方面的强行规则都或多或少地存在着缺陷,非常有必要予以修订。     

论国际私法规范的柔性化与刚性化

晚近国际私法规范的发展呈现出两大相互对立的趋势 :柔性化与刚性化。前者在美国国际私法领域广为盛行 ,后者则在欧洲大陆国际私法领域暗流涌动。国际私法规范的柔性化主要表现为确立弹性规则 ,对传统冲突规范和机械规则进行软化处理 ;而刚性化的主要表现是国家对国际私法领域的介入 ,撇开冲突规范而将强制性法规范直接适用于涉外民商事案件     

经济规制的国际协调

从经济规制的国际协调的含义、历史以及最近被广泛利用的背景、国际协调的分类(对象、程度与方法)、除国际协调以外可供选择的方法、为实现经济规制的国际协调而进行的多边谈判中出现的主要论点等有关经济规制的国际协调的基本理论问题来看,在对跨越国境的经济活动维持传统的规制(边境措施的缓和、承认国内措施的多样性等)已变得日益困难的情况下,对于规制主体的国家来讲,经济规制的“国际协调”将是一个与经济全球化相适应的有效尝试。     

国际经贸规则发展的新趋势与中国的立场

随着多哈发展回合谈判陷入僵局,多边贸易体制面临严峻挑战。在此背景下,国际经贸规则发展呈现出新的趋势,区域化、拓展化和差异化现象在国际经贸规则发展中愈发凸显。经济全球化背景下国际经贸规则的发展动向已然深刻地影响到我国对外交往的策略选择。基于此,我国需要形成清晰系统的对外经贸战略思路和立场:以发展中国家利益为立足点,积极捍卫多边经贸体制的既有成果,并统筹发展具有重要战略意义和地缘优势的区域贸易安排,以制度保障我国经济的可持续发展。