Reproduction Versus Transformation: The Case of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

ABSTRACT

This article offers a constructive critique of Fehl and Freistein's argument that international organisations (IOs) significantly affect international stratification, either producing, reproducing or transforming inequality. It suggests that without reference to the specific purposes which individual IOs pursue and the forces driving global change, it is impossible to predict either when the goals of IOs and states might diverge, or when a particular IO might promote the reproduction of inequality on the one hand, or its transformation on the other. In particular, divergence between states on the one hand and IOs charged with the management of the global economy on the other is explained by the fact that the IOs concerned are committed to the reproduction of capital on a global scale, and therefore to the continuous transformation of global hierarchies. The argument is supported by a case study of IO support for China's Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB).     

世界银行的经验及其对筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行的启示

世界银行(WB)是全球最有影响力的多边开发金融机构,自成立以来对发展世界经济发挥了重要作用并积累了许多成功经验。本文拟简述世界银行成立的背景、成立的宗旨、职能的变迁、组织机构、资金来源、主要业务等,分析其发展现状、运行成效和存在的问题,总结其在投资管理、贷款评估机制、自我评估机制等方面的成功经验,并对筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行提出5个方面的启示和建议。     

全球气候变化治理中的中国与欧盟

中国和欧盟是全球气候变化治理的关键参与者.在国际气候变化谈判的京都进程中,欧盟扮演了领导者角色,而中国是一个积极而谨慎的参与者.在后京都进程中,中欧在全球气候变化问题上既有共同立场,也有政策分歧,但总体上进行着更为频繁而积极的互动.     

European participation in the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank: making strategic choice and seeking economic opportunities

This paper asks why half of the members of the European Union (EU) have chosen to join the China-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) in defiance of substantial pressure from Washington. If the AIIB is too good an economic opportunity for Europe to ignore, then why did the rest of the EU turn its back on this organization? To account for this apparent variation in the attitude of European countries, I argue that, ceteris paribus, changes in the strategic situation involving Europe, the USA, and China, as well as differing expectations of economic opportunities in a developing Asia, have led European countries in different directions. Those countries which are getting increasingly friendly with China, which results from increasing level of alliance security dilemma with the USA, and are highly dependent on the potentially gigantic Asian market are the most likely to follow China’s lead. Countries that are not so geared toward China or Asia are least likely to join the AIIB. Where only one of these factors is present, the country will remain hesitant. I test this argument using both quantitative and qualitative analysis. This includes probit analysis for 31 countries and three in-depth case studies involving Germany, Belgium, and Romania. These countries have a high, median, and low chance of joining the bank, respectively. The findings of both types of analysis support the proposed analytical framework.     

筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行的基本思路及对策建议

为促进亚洲地区互联互通建设和经济一体化进程,中国政府倡议筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行,得到东盟的赞赏和支持。筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行已经提上重要议事日程。本文拟阐述筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行的重大意义,分析筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行面临的困难和挑战,研究提出筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行的基本思路,建议筹建亚洲基础设施投资银行率先在中国—东盟区域实现突破,取得好的成效、积累一定经验后再逐步扩大到整个亚洲地区。本文设计了亚洲基础设施投资银行的性质宗旨与职能定位、机构设置与总部选址、资金来源与合作方式等,尤其对在中国—东盟区域起步的亚洲基础设施投资银行的合作方式、期初的股本资金、各国出资金额及所占比重进行较为深入的研究,提出可行性初步操作方案,抛砖以引玉,供决策参考。需要说明的是,本文提出的观点仅是我们个人学术观点,不代表任何组织和机构。     

中国与中亚地区经济合作

中亚曾为古代丝绸之路上的明珠,拥有着辉煌的历史。21世纪初的中亚以其悠久的历史,重要的战略地位,丰富的资源,对外开放的姿态,强劲的经济发展势头再度成为世界瞩目的区域。近年来中国与中亚国家的经济合作逐渐增强,为中亚国家经济发展注入了新的动力。上海合作组织框架内的经济一体化目标为中国与中亚国家深化经济合作开辟了更加广阔的天地。 中亚位于欧亚大陆的结合部,分布着在苏联解体基础上而独立的哈萨克斯坦、吉尔吉斯斯坦、塔吉克斯坦、乌兹别克斯坦和土库曼斯坦五国。中亚地区幅员辽阔,自然资源丰富。中亚里海沿岸的哈萨克斯坦、土库曼斯坦拥有极其丰富的油气资源。哈有“中亚聚宝盆”之称,其陆地     

China and Global Governance

To enhance global governance has become more urgent with rapid development of globalization in the post-Cold War years. China has benefited from the process of globalization and hence should make greater contribution to the global governance in the future.     

Global Energy Governance: Trade,Infrastructure, and the Diffusion of International Organizations

Why do states choose to join and form international governmental organizations (IGOs) that regulate energy policy? In this article we make three specific contributions to the literature on international cooperation and diffusion. First, we show that countries form and join energy IGOs in response to memberships previously gained by direct competitors among oil and gas producers and consumers. Moreover, we demonstrate that energy IGOs diffuse among countries that share oil and gas pipelines. Finally, we provide evidence that the institutional design of established energy IGOs impacts the development of their membership network. To test these hypotheses, we rely on original data on oil and gas pipelines and the design of energy IGOs as well as on a newly compiled dataset that includes 152 countries and covers 38 years (1970–2007). We employ both network analysis and spatial econometrics.     

Asian perception of the EU after Brexit: the case of Taiwan

The Brexit was in general interpreted as damage to the EU image abroad. In order to understand this damage and to propose some remedies for the EU public diplomacy in Asia, the authors conducted a media analysis of mainstream newspapers between May and October 2016 and a general survey between July 2016 and February 2017 in Taiwan. Based upon this analysis and survey, the authors intended to give a picture of EU image in Taiwanese media and people’s perception after the Brexit and find out key factors shaping this image. According to them, EU was frequently reported as a reference rather than a focus in Asian media, of which a majority of reports were neither positive nor negative. Brexit did increase visibility of the EU but in a very negative way. In order to remedy this damage and promote EU image in the aftermath of Brexit, the authors proposed two approaches after an in-depth study of all of those news reports and the general survey. It is suggested that EU should continue to strengthen its bilateral relationship with Asian countries and, at the same time, adopt normative actions on the world stage.     

Shift in the Center of Global Economic Governance

The G20 which includes emerging economies has been playing a key role in guiding the world’s response to the global financial crisis and tends to become the main forum for global economic cooperation,This move reflects a shift in the center of gravity of global economic power and may further influence the strategies of the various major powers in the world.     

俄罗斯与欧盟国家的经济合作

俄罗斯非常重视发展同欧盟的关系,自独立之后,为了实现经济转轨、克服经济困难,它渴望同西方国家尤其是欧盟进行经济合作,以获得投资和经济援助.欧盟作为世界上最大的区域性经济集团,在欧洲发挥非常重要的影响作用,它不仅重视和发展同俄罗斯的关系,而且是俄罗斯最大的投资者和经贸伙伴.由于双方存在利益分歧等因素,经济合作的成效是有限的,对双方的影响是不同的.     

The Great Disconnect: Global Governance and Localised Conflict in the Cases of India and the EU

Academic scholarship displays a curious disconnect between two trends, connecting peace and governance issues. At the same time when conflicts tended to shift inwards (from inter-state to civil wars), global governance approaches seemed to decentre the management of peace and conflict outwards (from the nation state to international forums). This paper investigates this disjuncture by examining the European Union and India's governance strategies in different conflict contexts. It studies whether their strategies operate close to the global governance model and/or whether they are able to connect with and effectively support local peace initiatives in conflict-ridden areas.     

中国崛起与全球安全治理转型

中国崛起与全球安全治理转型是21世纪初国际关系领域两个备受瞩目的全球性现象。文章以全球安全治理体系中的安全制度安排和安全规范设定为主要分析路径,以全球政治安全治理和全球经济安全治理为主要分析单元。一方面,自二战结束以来全球安全治理体系可分为"单边全球主义"和"全球单边主义"两个阶段,并且每一阶段的全球安全治理体系均可分解为政治制度、经济制度、政治规范和经济规范四个领域;另一方面,运用比较研究法,对各个时期全球安全治理体系在上述四个领域所体现出来的差异性进行剖析,可以发现,这种差异性集中表现为正在进行中的全球安全治理体系转型,崛起的中国在此次转型过程中开始发挥参与者、建设者和贡献者的作用。在传统全球安全治理体系陷入危机之时,中国崛起在相关领域所带来的制度效应和规范效应正在逐渐潜移默化地嵌入到全球安全治理体系中,中国的政策和实践也将相应日益形成规范化的趋势。     

东北亚经济一体化与区域政策性银行的作用

在东北亚建立区域政策性银行正在从构想变为现实。随着东北亚经济论坛第十七届年会在天津滨海新区闭幕,大会发表了《天津滨海宣言》,尽快组建东北亚银行成为与会各国代表的共识。东北亚区域国家经济上虽具有互补性,但由于面临利益均衡和制度层面的问题,短期内建立机制性的经济一体化组织难度较大,而东北亚区域政策性银行则对推动机制性经贸合作安排形成和化解区域金融危机具有不容忽视的作用。     

Economic Power Foundations of Cities in Global Governance

This study provides evidence that city government participation in global governance networks is explicable by the larger power hierarchy of cities in the global economy. Extant research on city government participation in global governance networks, or “transnational municipal networks (TMNs)” such as United Cities Local Governments, has largely ignored the relevance of research showing city-level connectivity to corporate and other economic networks among world cities. In this latter tradition of research, the level of a city’s connectivity to such economic networks is understood as commensurate with the hierarchical power it holds in the global economy. Using a sample of UK and Chinese cities, this study shows that patterns of participation in a range of TMNs are explained by varied measures of city-level connectivity to economic networks. Interpreted through structuration theory, findings suggest that city participation in global governance is shaped and stratified by city-level hierarchical power within the global economy.     

中欧关系演进的内在逻辑:基于欧盟对华援助的视角

欧盟对华援助的主要表现在援助资金呈递增趋势、援助领域由早期的农业援助转向经济和社会改革领域、援助项目要按照"标准化"要求操作等三个方面。从援助特征可以看出欧盟对华援助背后的政治经济逻辑正好吻合了新自由主义对国际政治经济生活进行必要干预的主张,把欧盟成员国和欧盟内部的社会经验在援助国得以拓展,使其经济运行和社会秩序朝着欧盟所拟定的方向发展,这也恰好表明欧盟对华援助的行为不可能偏离自利立场。但是,中国在坚持独立的外交政策和方针下,使得中欧关系逐步朝务实性方向发展,在合作基础上解决面临的共同难题,谋求长期的战略性合作伙伴关系依然符合中欧关系发展的趋势。     

亚洲区域经济一体化与中国

近年来,亚洲地区加快了区域经济一体化的进程。尽管该地区启动区域贸易自由化的动作较迟,但20世纪90年代以来各国加快了区域贸易自由化的步伐。东盟、日本、韩国、印度等均积极调整区域经济一体化战略,加大参与力度。中国也积极地参与区域经济一体化进程,以应对区域经济一体化发展的机遇与挑战。     

G20与全球经济治理研究述评

本文对有关G20在全球经济治理中作用的研究进行了述评。既有研究议题包括G20的治理表现、G20的非正式性、G20的合法性、G20的有效性以及G20与其他国际组织的关系,本文对其所做的工作进行了梳理。在此基础上,本文讨论了G20议程设置机理、G20政治共识的形成条件、G20成员如何履行承诺、G20如何与其他国际组织开展合作四个G20与全球经济治理研究议程中有待进一步研究的问题。     

经济全球化与中韩经济技术合作

经济全球化对各国经济增长的冲击和影响越来越大,也给入世后的中韩经济技术合作提供了若干启示。中韩合作应面对新经济结构调整,制定新的合作战略和发展模式,在风险资金、创新技术和人才等方面,强化中韩在高新技术产业领域及其服务业的合作和交流,实施多元化的企业合作战略,即采取市场多样化合作战略、经营多元化合作战略、手段多元化合作战略、投入多元化合作战略。     

G20视角下的沙特与全球经济治理

沙特阿拉伯于20世纪30年代发现石油,自70年代以来,随着石油价格的暴涨和世界石油需求量的猛增,使沙特迅速富有,一跃成为G20成员国,在全球经济治理中占有重要一席。由于沙特经济发展对国际市场和世界经济发展具有极强的依赖性,因此,在未来的全球经济治理中,沙特还会发挥更大的作用和影响力。