伪造文书罪基本观念的新倡导

伪造文书的犯罪在我国理论研究上向来未受到重视,又由于立法对之的分散规定,因而学界的相关研究,既缺乏系统性,也缺乏深入性;提倡确立证明法益观、科学文书观、无形伪造观、行使目的观四种基本观念。     

论我国犯罪构成体系的缺陷与完善

由于犯罪构成体系是为刑事诉讼证明实践服务的,因此对于该体系是否存在缺陷以及如何进行完善,均应从刑事证明实践的视角出发。从证明对象上来看,我国犯罪客体属于多余要件,而违法性要件则为遗漏要件;从证明责任分配上来看,由于犯罪构成缺乏推定效力,导致证明责任分配的混乱。为此,在完善我国犯罪构成体系时,需要将违法性要件纳入犯罪客体并划分各要件之间的层次性,以恢复犯罪构成的推定效力,从而实现其对证明责任的合理分配。     

Exploring the Myth of the Bobby and the Intrusion of the State into Social Space

This paper aims to increase the reader’s understanding of how the notion of the ‘bobby on the beat’ has been elevated to iconic, if not mythical, status within British policing. In doing so, the article utilises the semiotic idea of myth, as conceptualized by Roland Barthes, to explore how through representations of the ‘bobby on the beat’ police officers have been projected in a more avuncular re-assuring role to a public fearful of crime, which fails to do service to the signifying practices that accompany and embody the visible police patrol. Indeed, police patrol work secures social space for the State and although it does re-assure anxious members of society that their social world is safe and secure, for others, it further illustrates how their social space is fragile and troubled. On another level, the ‘bobby’ narrative has also been harnessed as part of a broader mythologizing of ‘Englishness’ and quintessential British characteristics.     

Symbolic Racism and Whites’ Attitudes Towards Punitive and Preventive Crime Policies

This study analyzes the determinants of Whites' support for punitive and preventive crime policies. It focuses on the predictive power of beliefs about race as described by symbolic racism theory. A dataset with 849 White respondents from three waves of the Los Angeles County Social Survey was used. In order to assess the weight of racial factors in crime policy attitudes, the effects of a range of race-neutral attitude determinants were controlled for, namely individual and structural crime attributions, perceived seriousness of crime, crime victimization, conservatism and news exposure. Results show a strong effect of symbolic racism on both types of crime policies, and in particular on punitive policies. High levels of symbolic racism are associated with support for tough, punitive crime policies and with opposition to preventive policies. Sub-dimensions of symbolic racism qualified these relationships, by showing that internal symbolic racism (assessing perceived individual deficiencies of Blacks) was most strongly predictive of punitiveness, whereas external symbolic racism (denial of institutional discrimination) predicted opposition to structural remedies. On the whole, despite the effects of race-neutral factors, the impact of symbolic racism on policy attitudes was substantial. Thus, White public opinion on both punitive and preventive crime policies is at least partially driven by racial prejudice.     

论犯罪构成与证明责任分配的互动关系

推定是犯罪构成体系与刑事证明责任分配中同时存在的范畴,构成了二者之间互动的桥梁。一方面,犯罪构成体系是否具有推定效力,决定着证明责任的分配;另一方面,证明责任分配实践的发展,也会影响犯罪构成的推定效力。我国犯罪构成体系不具有推定效力,导致我国证明责任分配实践的混乱。为此,需要违法性要件纳入犯罪构成体系,以恢复犯罪构成的推定效力,从而实现对证明责任分配实践的指导。     

一例药物过敏性休克死亡的医疗问题鉴定分析

目的探讨药物（低分子右旋糖酐）过敏性休克医疗纠纷案件的法医学鉴定思路及关键点，从而为审判提供划分侵权责任及医疗赔偿的科学依据。方法详细报道一例低分子右旋糖酐药物过敏性休克死亡的两级医疗事故鉴定，法医学鉴定及二次不同的法院判决结果的医疗纠纷案例。结果两级医疗事故鉴定均认为该例属医疗意外，不属医疗事故，一审判决驳回起诉。法医学鉴定认为在对该例的抢救过程中确存在不当之处；患者确因药物（低右）过敏性休克死亡，未发现院方有违反医疗常规的行为，对该例的治疗方案属非必要治疗措施。在抢救过程中，肾上腺素没有作为首选用药，肾上腺素应用不及时，药量不充足。因抢救地点的限制致使抢救质量不好。据此，二审判决被告院方对患者方予以赔偿。结论药物过敏性休克的法医学鉴定应注重：①全面审查所提供的详细医疗材料，分析整个医疗过程的临床变化特点；②全面尸检；③进行药品检验、毒物分析；④排除疾病及其它死因；⑤进行确证死因的检验。在此基础上分析确定死因及医疗过程是否存在问题，如存在医疗不当之处，分析此种医疗不当在患者的死亡中的关系比例，并适当表述鉴定意见。     

Criminal Law and the Routine Activity of ‘Hate Crime’

If our knowledge about so called ‘hate crime’ was confined to what we read in the national newspapers or see on the television news then the impression that we would be most likely left with is that hate crime offenders are out-and-out bigots, hate-fuelled individuals who subscribe to racist, homophobic, and other bigoted views who, in exercising their extreme hatred target their victims in premeditated violent attacks. Whilst many such attacks have occurred, the data on incidents, albeit limited, suggests instead that they are commonly committed by ‘ordinary’ people in the context of their ‘everyday’ lives. Considering the everyday circumstances in which incidents occur, this paper argues that by imposing penalty enhancement for ‘hate crime’ the criminal law assumes a significant symbolic role as a cue against transgression on the part of potential offenders.     

The future of crime data

Criminology lacks sufficient data for many types of crime that are of great concern to society. This lack of data poses significant problems for determining whether resources are adequate for responding to these crimes or whether programmatic, legislative, or target-hardening efforts to prevent or reduce their occurrence are effective. Inadequate data about crime also produces a selective and incomplete narrative about crime that makes it easier for political and vested interests to exploit public concerns about crime for their own ends. In this address, I discuss what is needed to resolve these gaps and the ways in which criminologists can support a significant expansion of the crime data infrastructure. Such work is necessary to help ensure the future relevance of criminological research.     

Crime in the 2016 Presidential Election: a new era?

Issues pertaining to crime and criminal justice have long been part of presidential campaigns. Voters want to know how candidates plan to solve the problem of crime and keep them safe. In turn, candidates respond to voters’ concerns and describe their crime control ideas in hopes of increasing voter support. In doing so, they often rely on symbolic statements that provide little detail but make people “feel good”. This study analyzes the criminal justice rhetoric used by the three major presidential candidates in the 2016 election cycle to determine what issues they discussed and how often. The analysis also examines if candidates relied on symbolic statements, and how the issues were debated between the candidates. The findings show that the issues discussed were somewhat different than in previous years, and that the candidates relied on symbolic statements about crime – a change from the previous election cycle. Additionally, the candidates used crime control as a way to reach out to voters in their own political party, suggesting an interesting shift in how issues of criminal justice are being approached within elections.     

Differential social organization, collective action, and crime

This article elaborates and extends Sutherland’s [Principles of criminology (4th ed.), Lippincott, Philadelphia, Sutherland (1947)] concept of differential social organization, the sociological counterpart to his social psychological theory of differential association. Differential social organization contains a static structural component, which explains crime rates across groups, as well as a dynamic collective action component, which explains changes in crime rates over time. I argue that by drawing on George Herbert Mead’s [Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Mead (1934)] theories of symbolic interaction and social control, we can conceptualize organization in favor of, and against, crime as collective behavior. We can then integrate theoretical mechanisms of models of collective behavior, including social network ties, collective action frames, and threshold models of collective action. I illustrate the integrated theory using examples of social movements against crime, neighborhood collective efficacy, and the code of the street. A portion of this chapter was presented at the Annual Meetings of the American Society of Criminology, Toronto, Canada, November 16–19. The research upon which this paper was based was supported in part by grants from the National Science Foundation (SES-0004323) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA18148). The funding agencies bear no responsibility for the analyses and interpretations drawn here. James F. Short, Jr. and Joachim Savelsberg generously provided comments on an earlier draft.     

刑事诉讼视野下的被告承担举证责任法理分析

举证责任的分配则是整个刑事证明这一环节的核心问题,举证责任既是一种权利,也是一项义务,被告承担举证责任作为举证责任的一种分配形式,其性质显然是权利义务统一性。基于司法公正、诉讼经济与效率、犯罪构成要件外的事实等原因,由被告承担部分举证责任具有合理可行性。     

Crime control in the 2000 presidential election: A symbolic issue

Presidential candidates regularly use crime issues to help win electoral support. Contrary to conventional wisdom, crime control also became an issue in the 2000 presidential campaign. Despite decreasing crime rates, the debate was driven by public opinion. Because the crime debate was fueled by perception rather than reality, it is argued that the symbolic nature of the debate became important in providing reassurance to the American public. This finding points to the importance of symbolic rhetoric by presidential candidates in appealing to voters and increasing public support.     

刑事诉讼证明问题的实体法依据--兼论刑事实体法与程序法的一体化

推定是刑事实体法与程序法中同时存在的范畴,构成了二者之间的联结点。刑事诉讼中证明责任分配与证明标准选择的依据,实际上源于实体法中犯罪构成体系的推定机能。我国犯罪构成体系源自前苏联,前苏联在改造大陆法系犯罪构成体系时,在内容上抛弃了违法性要件,并在结构上破坏了其层次性,导致该体系推定机能的丧失。为此,需要恢复我国犯罪构成体系的推定机能,以实现犯罪构成对刑事诉讼证明问题的指导功能,实现刑事实体法与程序法的一体化。     

论公诉案件的证明责任

本文认为在公诉案件中承担证明责任的主体应是公安机关、人民检察院和人民法院,犯罪嫌疑人、被告人只负对自己无罪、罪轻的事实提出证据的责任,并不承担举证不能的法律后果,审判机关必须在证据确实、充分的情况下,才能作出有罪判决。     

恐怖主义犯罪原因研析——兼论恐怖主义犯罪研究的方法论

恐怖主义犯罪是为实现一定的政治目的,通过暴力或暴力威胁以及其他非暴力手段制造社会恐怖,侵害他人生命财产的犯罪行为。其在犯罪主体、动机、目的、行为等方面都具有自己的特点,因而不能用传统的个体论的方法探究其产生的根源,而必须将之作为一种犯罪现象从宏观的角度用整体论的方法去研究。作者借鉴著名犯罪学家迪姆凯尔和默顿的犯罪学理论,通过对恐怖主义犯罪现象进行分析,认为恐怖主义犯罪的原因在于各特定社会的文化目标的冲突以及对制度化手段的不同选择。因而只有尊重各种文明的独特性,协调它们的冲突,才是治理恐怖主义犯罪的根本策略。     

我国刑法应增设交通肇事逃逸罪

当下,交通肇事后肇事者逃逸现场的现象有增无减,这给人们的生命、安全造成极大威胁。德国、日本、加拿大等国家的刑法典对交通肇事后的逃逸行为进行独立的刑法评价,成立驾驶交通工具肇事逃逸罪。我国刑法典将逃逸行为依附于交通肇事罪,然而,交通肇事逃逸行为有自己独立的罪质,理应对其独立犯罪化。我国刑法应借鉴其他国家的做法,使逃逸行为脱离交通肇事罪,增设交通肇事逃逸罪。     

The role of symbolic politics in exceptional crime policy debate: a study of the 2014 Swedish general election

Symbolic politics are often considered to be closely linked to an alarmist rhetoric, as well as to punitive crime policy initiatives. This article explores the symbolic dimension of the Swedish crime policy debate. Since Sweden is frequently depicted as an antithesis to punitive Anglophone societies, exploring symbolic politics in this setting might expand our understanding of what symbolic statements may consist of. The article analyses the electoral campaign preceding the Swedish general election of 2014, with the aim of identifying which symbolic statements occupy a central position in the debate through the use of a qualitative content analysis. This analysis reveals an ambiguous political rhetoric, comprising morally and emotionally charged condemnatory statements about getting tough on crime, as well as reformist and restrained references to expert knowledge and long-term solutions. On the one hand, these reformist statements strengthen the image of Swedish crime policy as being based on ideals such as rationality and humanity. On the other, they also serve to legitimize and obscure penal expansion.     

刑法学的若干基本理论探讨——对张明楷教授的若干观点的商榷

张明楷教授关于刑法学基本理论的观点,对通说虽有继承的一面,但更多的是反叛的一面,在理论界的影响是巨大的。其中涉及到刑法的基本理论的宏观问题是《刑法》第13条但书能否在司法中适用,如何理解一些罪名的主观方面,分则的模式是既遂犯还是犯罪成立,张明楷教授认为但书不能在司法中适用,为了确定一些争议的罪名的主观方面,提出超过的客观要素的概念,分则的模式不是既遂而是犯罪成立。对于上述观点,本文以传统观点为基础,提出不同的主张,认为但书可以直接适用于司法实践,这不违反罪刑法定主义,解决故意和过失的问题,也没有必要提出超过的客观要素,分则的规定必须以既遂犯为模式。     

互易毒品行为定性“相对说”之提倡——兼与孙万怀教授商榷

互易毒品与贩卖毒品之间是一种交叉关系,将互易毒品行为一律不作为犯罪处理或一律作为犯罪处理,在方法论上存在错误,由此而划定的互易毒品的内涵,也为罪刑法定原则所不容。根据互易毒品的形式与实质,结合现行刑法关于涉毒犯罪的规定,确立＂相对说＂将成立买卖关系的高纯度与低纯度毒品、硬性毒品与软性毒品以及相同纯度但数量不等毒品间的互易,作为贩卖毒品罪处理,其他情况的互易毒品行为不作为犯罪处理,才是合适的。     

刑讯逼供致人伤残、死亡的定罪及证明责任

刑讯逼供罪“致人伤残、死亡的 ,依照本法第 2 3 4条、第 2 3 2条的规定定罪从重处罚”应属于可反驳的推定犯 ,即立法推定的故意伤害罪、故意杀人罪。推定犯中 ,公诉机关和被告人各自承担相应的证明责任。推定犯具有合理的立法理由和目的