小康社会的政治定位

政治文明是小康社会不可或缺的组成部分 ,全面建设小康社会的现代化进程要求把政治文明建设放到突出的战略地位上来。定位全面小康社会的政治文明要确立政治民主化、政治公开化、政治公正化、政治科学化、政治法治化、政治效率化、政治廉洁化、政治秩序化八个方面的政治价值指标。小康社会的政治文明建设应转移到制度文明的重心上来。     

The revenue position of local government in Nigeria

Financial viability has been presented officially as crucial to the success of the sweeping reforms of local government in Nigeria and this article reviews the situation facing the new local government councils four years after the reforms were instituted. It sets the present situation against a background of past trends in which local government was financially dependent on regional and state governments, and subjected to increasingly detailed controls. Reviewing the present continuing dependence on state and federal government for finance, the limited use made of independent revenue bases, and the political and administrative factors militating against financial viability, the article argues that local government cannot escape from the vicious circle of underdevelopment.     

西方议会的历史地位、危机与改革

西方近代议会在使国家权力合法化、统治阶级意志国家化、权力运作程序化和政治过程公开化方面发挥了极为重要的作用.但随着自由资本主义向垄断资本主义的演变,国家干预和管理社会经济事务职能的不断扩大,议会的传统权力和对政府的监督作用相对削弱,议会代表人民行使主权的权威性日趋下降.议会政治的衰落及议会改革构成了20世纪后半叶代议民主制的一大景观.     

次国家政府外交在"桥头堡"开放战略中的定位

中国国家＂桥头堡＂陆路开放战略思维已经逐渐清晰了。从沿海开放到内陆开放是中国全方位开放战略的拓展与深化。与沿海开放相比,由于时代背景与问题领域的不同,＂桥头堡＂陆路开放战略的实施给内陆开放前沿省份的次国家政府外交事务提供了巨大的空间;也正是由于时代和问题领域的不同,内陆开放前沿省份的次国家政府外交事务在＂桥头堡＂战略实施中应当具有更多的国家战略意识、能动性和持久战略规划,充实国家在＂桥头堡＂战略实施中的外交资源。     

推进党内民主建设必须保障党员主体地位

党员主体地位问题是推进党内民主建设的重大理论和实践课题,本文主要阐述党员平等的主体地位是推进党内民主建设的本质要求;党员主体问题是推进党内民主建设的首要问题;党员主体地位的实现程度是衡量党内民主发展程度的重要标尺。     

On social position and political achievement

He is author and coauthor of more than 70 books and 150 articles including Riches, Class, and Power Before the Civil War; Three Centuries of Social Mobility in America;and “Social Structure and Politics in American History” in the 1982 American Historical Review.     

巩固党员主体地位的理论探索和实践路径

党员主体问题是马克思主义党的建设的基本问题之一，党的十七大报告提出了尊重党员主体地位的重大命题，反映了中国共产党治党理念的重大转变。本文从阐述党员主体地位的时代背景和现实要求出发，结合基层央行党建工作实践，对当前如何巩固党员主体地位、激发党员主体作用等方面作一些理性分析和探讨。     

WTO与政府角色定位

WTO的运行基础是市场经济,WTO的运行规则具有国际法的约束力,而对于一个具有5000年传统思想文化、传统道德观念沉淀的民族,对于一个尚处于由计划经济向市场经济转轨的国家,对于一个市场机制尚不健全、法律体系不尽完善、法律意识淡薄的社会,我国政府在管理理念、管理法规、管理方式等多方面尚存在不适应,面临着严峻的挑战.     

The efficacy of ACH in mitigating serial position effects and confirmation bias in an intelligence analysis scenario

An experimental study was conducted to test whether the version of the structured analytical method Analysis of Competing Hypotheses (ACH) taught by the Cabinet Office to the United Kingdom’s intelligence community provides effective mitigation of the cognitive biases of serial position effects and confirmation bias in an intelligence analysis. ACH had no statistically significant mitigative impact on the proportion of participants that exhibited serial position effects or confirmation bias, or the impact of confirmation bias on the analytical process. The most significant factor that influenced participants’ judgements of the credibility of information was the possibility of deception or dishonesty.     

Postwar changes in the income position of the aged

Since the war the relative number of aged persons with income from employment has declined, while the proportion with income from social insurance benefits has increased. Despite the fact that social insurance benefits yield a lower average income than do earnings, the averaged aged person's income in 1952 was higher in both current dollars and dollars of stable purchasing power than it was in 1945. The improvement is the result of several factors, including larger earnings by aged workers, increased benefits paid retired workers and their aged survivors under social insurance and related programs higher old-age assistance payments and the rise in the relative number of persons with money income. The growth in the average aged person's income, however, has been at a rate lower than that of the average income of the population as a whole. As a result the average person has had a smaller share in total consumer income in each of the years since 1945 that he had in that year.     

论领导者的非权力性影响力

领导者对被领导者的影响力有权力性影响力和非权力性影响力两种.一个合格的领导者,既要正确地运用权力性影响,更要充分发挥非权力性影响力.当前,对领导者非权力性影响的要求越来越高,因此,要从根本上优化各级领导者的全面素质,不断提高领导者的非权力性影响力.     

论我国行政公务法人的法律定位

现在不少行业性组织、中介机构履行着某一方面的公共管理职能,如村民委员会、学校、垄断性公用企业等。然而,其地位、职能、责任在法律上并不明确,这就需要我们从法律上进行定位。有三方面的因素决定了行政公务法人的“人格”:首先,主观上追求的是自己的目的,但在客观上它又要直接满足一定范围、行业人群的共同需要;行政公务法人其活动性质具有公共性;第三,行政公务法人必然拥有权力。基于此,应明确它们要承担的法律责任,即一是从法律调整上,凡是受公法(实体)调整的行为,违反公法义务的,应当承担公法上的责任。二是从其职能上,凡是基于权力履行公共职能的行为侵害到其成员、雇员、管理、服务对象(相对方)的权益的,应承担类似行政机关的责任(行政责任)。     

中介组织与政府职能到位探析

适应入世后的形势 ,政府职能转变问题再一次成为人们关注的焦点。这一与政府改革密切相关的问题的解决 ,离不开中介组织这一强有力的支撑。我国目前有近 2 0种中介组织 ;中介组织的非独立运行危害很大 ;政府对中介组织的管理不应该是直接管理 ,而应是依法规范 ;行业协会等中介组织的健康发展是当前的重中之重     

Ballot position and election results: Evidence from a natural experiment

Candidates listed first on the ballot paper regularly receive more votes than other candidates, but what role does ballot layout play in this connection? Experimental studies from first-past-the-post systems show that the ballot position effect is causal as the order of names functions as a cue to voters. Does this also hold for PR systems where voters may vote for a party instead of a specific candidate? We identify a natural experiment in Danish local and regional elections involving more than 10,000 candidates on 103 different ballot papers using ballot layout to study ballot position effects. We find indeed, the ballot position/layout has a causal effect on election results in PR systems. Our findings indicate that the empirical domain of ballot position and layout effects is much wider than suggested by previous research.     

论中国县级政府在公共物品提供中的职能定位

中国政府职能划分普遍存在“职责同构”现象,地方政府与中央政府在公共物品提供上存在职责不清现象。作为与居民联系最密切的县级政府,在职能划分上存在诸多困境。本文在分析了中国县级政府的职能困境和比较国外县级政府在公共物品提供方面的经验作法後,提出了县级政府在公共物品的供给土应准确进行职能定位。     

Electoral contexts that assist voter coordination: Ballot position effects in Poland

Hypothetically, in the open list PR system, all contestants, independently of their ballot position, have the same chance of winning a mandate. In practice, candidates placed at the top of the ballot enjoy a large surplus of votes. Their success can be explained by the primacy effect, in which the first ballot position acts as a focal point. The analysis of 6187 candidates running for the Polish Sejm in 2007 finds not only significant gains for top candidates, but that proximity to the upper end of the ballot likewise matters. It correspondingly discovers a weak benefit for candidates placed last on the list. Other sources of candidate advantage such as incumbency, capital city effect, age and gender are also investigated.     

Ballot position and election results: New evidence from a natural experiment

It is well-known that candidates listed first on the ballot paper tend to receive more votes than other candidates. However, experimental studies that confirm this truism mostly stem from first-past-the-post systems. Do we also find ballot position effects in PR systems where voters may vote for a party instead of a specific candidate? We investigate a natural experiment in Danish national elections involving more than 9,000 candidates on almost 100 different ballot papers. Our findings show that ballot positions, indeed, have a causal effect on election results in PR systems. Since Danish national elections constitute a least-likely case, our findings indicate that ballot position effects are much more empirically relevant than suggested by existing research.     

Misleading ballot position cue: Party voting in Korea's nonpartisan local elections

In this study, I present evidence that ballot order can provide a misleading cue to voters. In South Korea, nonpartisan municipal legislative elections were held concurrently with other partisan local elections until 2002. The ballot order of the candidates running in nonpartisan elections was randomly determined, whereas it was determined according to a party's number of seats in the national legislature for candidates running in partisan elections. Therefore, if voters are fully informed, the vote share for the candidate listed first in the nonpartisan ballot should not be correlated with the vote share for the party listed first on the partisan ballot. However, I find that the vote share for a first-listed candidate increases when the first-listed party's vote share increases. I also find that the presence of an incumbent does not significantly reduce the degree to which voters mistakenly use ballot position as a party cue.     

论公众参与在环境保护中的地位和作用

维护生态、保护环境不仅要依靠政府的职能和企业负责任的行为 ,公众同样是一支重要的力量。尽管围绕生态环境问题的讨论十分热烈 ,但关于环境保护中公众参与的问题始终未受到应有的重视。本文结合国内外有关情况对公众参与在环境保护中的地位和作用作了初步的探讨 ,意在为环境保护实践中正确对待和处理公众参与问题提供必要的理论支持。     

How voters' perceptions of junior coalition partners depend on the prime minister's position

Recent studies document that voters infer parties' left‐right policy agreement based on governing coalition arrangements. This article extends this research to present theoretical and empirical evidence that European citizens update their perceptions of junior coalition partners' left‐right policies to reflect the policies of the prime minister's party, but that citizens do not reciprocally project junior coalition partners' policies onto the prime minister's party. These findings illuminate the simple rules that citizens employ to infer parties' policy positions, broaden understanding of how citizens perceive coalition governance and imply that ‘niche’ parties, whose electoral appeal depends upon maintaining a distinctive policy profile, assume electoral risks when they enter government.