从NBA诉Motorola案看美国的版权优先制度

1997年美国第二巡回法院对National Basket-ball Association v.Motorola,Inc.①案做出判决,此案的审理过程对澄清信息的网络传输和版权优先等问题具有重要意义。该案涉及事实性的比赛比分的版权保护问题,对热点新闻(hot news)的不公平竞争行为问题,州滥用(Misappropriation)法的优先(preemption)问题,虚假广告问题,及当事人通过版权法或州法提供的其他正当方法(这些方法可以不被优先)保护他的事实性信息问题。本文将试图结合美国的相关案例对美国版权法中独特的版权优先制度及滥用制度进行简要讨论。     

Copyright or Copy Wrong: An Analysis of University Claims to Faculty Work

Most universities claim to own at least some faculty-created works. An examination of copyright cases touching on faculty ownership of their intellectual property, of the teacher exception to the work-for-hire doctrine and its relationship to academic freedom, and of university copyright policies demonstrates that faculty have little protection for their intellectual property. Indeed, the greatest protection for faculty who stake claims on their work may be university copyright policies that do not alter the traditional work-for-hire arrangement set up by the Copyright Act.     

网络版权保护十年:产业与制度的相生相克

自2006年《信息网络传播权保护条例》颁布至今,中国网络版权保护已走过十年历程,立法上形成了以《侵权责任法》互联网专条为核心的侵权规则体系,执法上形成了以“剑网行动”为核心的行政管理手段,网络版权侵权形态也从网络服务提供者与著作权人的冲突逐步转向网络服务提供者之间的矛盾.然而展望未来制度变革方向,可以发现对部分版权制度的认知和固守已给版权产业的进步造成制度瓶颈,立法者和主管机关往往过于依赖采取“堵”的方式解决保护问题,却不愿意放手产业主体自行构建授权机制来完善“疏”的途径,致使高效合规的版权市场因授权机制的落后而无法形成.     

公共利益：一个需要界定的行政法原则

公共利益,作为一个行政法的基本原则,其特定的法律内涵有两个方面的层次,一个是相对于个体利而言所具有的内容,即机会均等、公平竞争、资源共享和社会福利;另一个是功能性内容,即通过行政管理调节利的再分配。与此相应,公共利益应当具有以例举式与概括式相结合为特点的法律形式和通过一定条件下的“博弈”程获得实现的方式。     

非创作人合同约定取得著作权的效力——兼议刘某诉罗某、舒某侵犯著作权案

著作权法规定著作财产权转让必须签订书面合同,这是强制性法律规定。根据民法基本原则,合同是一种民事行为,虽没有签订书面转让合同,但是合同双方事后签订补充协议或者已经实际履行的,仍认可这种转让行为有效。爿乍创作人能否根据约定取得著作财产权,应根据约定内容及履行效果综合判断。     

Web Site Framing: Copyright Infringement through the Creation of an Unauthorized Derivative Work

This article argues that the framing of others' sites on the World Wide Web-the trapping of another's Web site within one's own site, sometimes known as "in-line" linking-creates a derivative work and is, thus, copyright infringement, when the derivative work was created without permission of the copyright holder. Such linking alters the framed Web site, modifies it, re-packages it in a way its author did not intend and transforms it, misrepresenting the author's work in the process, either by attributing the work to someone else or attributing a creation to the author that the author did not produce.     

积极推进政治参与努力构建和谐社会

公民合法有序地参与政治,建设社会主义政治文明,提高自身政治才能是时代的要求和培养理性政治素质的需要,也是构建社会主义和谐社会的基本条件。改革开放以来,民众政治参与的自主性有所增强,但是,由于主客观条件的限制,使他们的政治参与呈现出层次的不均衡。因此,探讨民众政治参与对现实中国社会发展的现实意义是十分必要的。     

The Quest for a Satisfactory Definition of Terrorism: R v Gul

The UK Supreme Court judgment in R v Gul presented a unique opportunity for a judicial appraisal of the definition of terrorism contained in section 1 of the Terrorism Act 2000. While the applicant was ultimately unsuccessful in his challenge, the Supreme Court's rejection of the state's argument that reliance on prosecutorial discretion could mitigate certain absurd applications of the section 1 definition of terrorism, eg the labelling of acts of UK or other military forces as terrorist, has potentially wide‐raging implications for the UK's counter‐terrorism measures. In addition, the powerful obiter dictum arguing in favour of a reform of this definition and a ‘root‐and‐branch’ review of counter‐terrorism legislation is a strong rebuke of recent high profile misapplications of such powers.     

Copy Me Happy: The Metaphoric Expansion of Copyright in a Digital Society

The article uses conceptual metaphor theory to analyse how the concept of “copy” in copyright law is expanding in a digital society to cover more phenomena than originally intended. For this purpose, the legally accepted model for valuing media files in the case against The Pirate Bay (TPB) is used in the analysis. When four men behind TPB were convicted in the District Court of Stockholm, Sweden, on 17 April 2009, to many, it marked a victory over online piracy for the American and Swedish media corporations. The convicted men were jointly liable for the damages of roughly EUR 3.5 million. But how do you calculate damages of file sharing? For example, what is the value of a copy? The article uses a model for valuating files in monetary numbers, suggested by the American plaintiffs and sanctioned by the District Court in the case against the BitTorrent site TPB, in order to calculate the total value of an entire, and in this anonymous other, BitTorrent site. These calculated hypothetical figures are huge—EUR 53 billion—and grow click by click which, on its face, questions some of the key assumptions in the copy-by-copy valuation that are sprung from analogue conceptions of reality, and transferred into a digital context. This signals a (legal) conceptual expansion of the meaning of “copy” in copyright that does not seem to fit with how the phenomenon is conceptualised by the younger generation of media consumers.     

垂直搜索的著作权侵权问题研究——谦评大众点评网诉爱帮网案及携程网诉趣拿网案

“垂直搜索”将从互联网网页中提取的信息内容存储在自身服务器中向公众提供,引发了著作权侵权问题。在“大众点评网诉爱帮网案”及“携程网诉趣拿网案”两案中,被“垂直搜索”引擎所提取的信息均为用户上传的点评。许多点评未达到“独创性”的要求,因此不构成作品。同时点评的集合也未在选择或编排方面体现出“独创性”。但在被提取的信息构成作品的情况下,“垂直搜索”直接复制并向公众提供信息的实质内容．将替代用户对来源网站的访问。这种行为无法被认定为合理使用．而是对来源网站作品著作权的侵权。“垂直搜索”服务提供者应合理地设计其商业模式,限制搜索结果中显示的作品长度,以避免代替用户对来源网站中作品的访问。     

Psychological Injury and Law: Defining a Field

This article elaborates definitional and conceptual issues relevant to the field of psychological injury and law. It reviews the literature in the major areas that mark the field—law, forensic psychology, disability, and assessment/malingering. To meet admissibility requirements of testimony in court, psychologists and other mental health professionals need to maintain a comprehensive, impartial, and scientifically informed approach to assessments based on a state-of-the-art knowledge, such as made available in this journal.