教育法学视域下留守儿童游戏权的审视及干预

留守儿童是教育高质量发展中的一个特殊而且重要的组成群体,中国教育的现代化离不开每个群体的全面发展,留守儿童游戏权是他们从生存权到发展权的一个重要桥梁,是教育法治化的特别要求与回应。留守儿童游戏权是留守儿童众多需要被保护权益当中的一项,有效保护这项权利涉及从认识形成,到法律意识树立,再到法律权益的维护,具体分析当前留守儿童游戏权利面临的挑战与难题,从教育法学的角度,从制度、管理再到家庭与技术等层面进行干预,来切实保障留守儿童游戏权利,推动我国关于留守儿童权益保护法律法规的完善。     

从新角度探讨对农村留守儿童的法律关爱

农村留守儿童现象是我国农民工问题的"副产品",农民大量流入城市务工的同时,导致其身为父母的监护责任缺失,兼之农村教育资源的匮乏,农村留守儿童更容易受到社会不良诱因的影响走上违法犯罪道路。目前通行的观点认为,要减少农村留守儿童违法犯罪,必须彻底改革我国的户籍制度,拆除依附在其上的教育壁垒,让农民工子女随父母赴打工城市自由入学。但笔者认为这并不是根本之策,在全国范围内也不具有可推广性。本文中笔者将尝试从新角度探讨对农村留守儿童的法律关爱,在均衡教育资源、甚至是倾斜扶持农村教育的基础上重构农村留守儿童的监护制度,同时加大对农村留守儿童的司法保护力度,重视法律与心理教育,以起到切实降低农村留守儿童违法犯罪的效果。     

农村“留守儿童”之现状、走向与对策探讨--以湘北H村“留守儿童”群体为实证分析对象

对于农村“留守儿童”问题，我国学术界早于上个世纪90年代初期已开始关注并进行研究。研究的重点主要集中在农村“留守儿童”的道德品质问题、人身安全问题、监护人类型问题等方面，并由此提出解决农村“留守儿童”教育问题的对策与建议。但是，农村“留守儿童”的成因是复杂的，尤其是在城市化的大背景下，随着农业税的取消和国家力量在乡村秩序中的逐步退出，而新的《义务教育法》又存在某些缺陷，使得新时期“留守儿童”的走向更加难以把握。本文从社会主义新农村建设的角度，通过对湘北H村的人类学实证研究，对农村“留守儿童”之现状与走向进行考察，并提出了相关对策。     

留守儿童犯罪预防对策初探

我国目前留守儿童犯罪的高发态势,主要呈现出低龄化、低学历、团伙化,以实施侵财类行为为主,极端恶性暴力案件增多等特征。这主要是由家庭监护和家庭教育全面失守,农村教育资源匮乏、学校教育功能不强,儿童利益最大化理念缺乏刚性和操作性国家监护理念和制度尚未形成等原因所致。目前,我国留守儿童犯罪预防存在诸多难点,主要体现在一般预防层面的留守儿童犯罪预防的家庭责任与政府责任确定问题、临界预防层面的缺少"一放了之"到"一关了之"之间保护处分的问题、再犯预防层面的司法专业化和帮教社会化衔接的问题等。因此,留守儿童的犯罪预防需要通过树立国家监护和儿童利益最大化理念,完善未成年人权益保护和犯罪预防体系,让家庭、学校、社会各司其职,共同致力于留守儿童健康成长,从而最大限度地预防留守儿童犯罪。     

农村留守儿童的刑事法律援助制度研究

14到18周岁的农村留守儿童极易成为违法犯罪的行为人,18周岁以下的留守儿童也容易频繁遭受违法犯罪的侵害,刑事法律援助制度功能的发挥对于保护其合法权益至关重要。农村留守儿童的刑事法律援助应当弥补农村留守儿童诉讼能力、诉讼制度和家庭、社会支持的缺位。国际准则和我国法律均要求应当及时为农村留守儿童提供专业的全程性法律援助。司法实践中,我国各地区对农村留守儿童的刑事法律援助工作进行了诸多有益探索,但也出现地域发展不平衡、缺乏专业的援助队伍和难以保证全程参与等问题。因此,我国农村留守儿童的刑事法律援助应当加强专业化建设、全程性构建和和辐射功能的拓展。     

完善立法有效预防和矫治未成年人的不良行为

未成年人犯罪的形势依然严峻，预防和减少未成年人犯罪应重视从源头抓起，下大力解决未成年人不良行为的矫治问题。我国现行的相关法律尚存在缺陷，当前亟需完善禁止未成年人吸烟法、制定工读教育条例、尽快出台流浪儿童救助管理办法、完善监护制度立法，为未成年人的健康成长再设立一道法律保护的屏障。     

留守儿童不再留守于法律关怀的盲区

正2016年2月14日,国务院下发了《关于加强农村留守儿童关爱保护工作的意见》(以下简称《意见》)。评论认为,《意见》从家庭监护、政府责任、教育任务、群团组织、财政投入五个维度着手,构建了农村留守儿童关爱服务体系。《意见》不仅强化了农村留守儿童关爱保护工作保障措施,更提出了从源头上逐步减少儿童留守现象的长远目标,是"迄今为止关于留守儿童问题对策的最高规格文件"。《意见》     

弃孤儿童的教育权利保护与不利处境改善

弃孤儿童是一个特殊的弱势群体。特定的生活经验和个人因素、同一性形成中的问题以及社会竞争中的弱势地位使弃孤儿童的处境不利。为了改善弃孤儿童的不利处境，可以从四方面保护其教育权利：弃孤残儿童建立澄清价值，保障弃孤儿童的教育权；调查研究，理解弃孤儿童的教育需求；行动策略，提供合适的康复和教育；政策支持，创设公平的教育机会。     

论农村留守儿童监护制度的完善

农村留守儿童权益保护的关键在于监护制度的完善,然而现阶段我国传统的农村留守儿童监护机制涉及面狭隘、内容过于僵化、操作不适用现实情况等等原因,致使农村留守儿童的权益得不到切实的保护。针对监护制度现实问题的存在,以此提出一些创造性的、实用性的解决方案,来完善我国农村留守儿童的监护制度,进一步加强农村留守儿童的权益保护。     

未成年人保护立法中的系统协同

我国未成年人保护立法缺乏系统协同的观念，导致保护网络不健全，国家儿童保护的顶层设计和立法框架不完善，需要建构各系统协同的未成年人法律保护体系。本文从系统协同理念的法理基础出发，对我国保护立法进行梳理，分析我国目前未成年人法律保护的主要问题，我国亟待在儿童利益最大化的理念下，提高儿童权利、儿童福利与儿童参与，建立儿童保护专门机构，为青少年司法社工者赋权，织密法律保护网，推动未成年人保护立法宏观方略的完善。     

The iPod and the Queen, the Kindle and the King

President Barack Obama has extended the hand of engagement to the Muslim and Arab world, while warning Israel against new settlements in occupied Palestine and hedging his bets with remote drone strikes against Al-Qaida and the Taliban in Pakistan. The new CIA director, a military historian and the Somali-born feminist Ayaan Hirsi Ali assess his strategy.     

Complex political emergencies and the state: Failure and the fate of the state

It is argued that an understanding of the role and nature of the state and of processes of state collapse are vital for understanding Complex Political Emergencies for various practical reasons and for drawing general lessons from particular experiences: CPEs are often rooted in prior state collapse; humanitarian assistance may have to contend with a fractured, ineffective or nonexistent state; part of post-conflict recovery will involve reconstituting the state. Such lessons can only be generalised where there is some degree of shared context and experience. As a tool for facilitating comparisons of like with like and for understanding the inter-relatedness of several factors, a typology of situations is drawn up on the basis of the state and its dynamics and of the origins, forms and trajectory of the CPE and of interventions into it.     

Bush's America and the New Exceptionalism: anti-Americanism,the Holocaust and the transatlantic rift

This article examines how the USA's growing ‘Holocaust consciousness’ has impacted on conservative interpretations of the transatlantic rift. Presenting the Holocaust as an antipode to US national identity has helped signal a moral divergence between the USA and Europe. The instrumentalisation of the Holocaust and anti-Semitism has allowed US conservatives to reframe norms of self-defence, victimisation, and liberation in justifying the invasion and occupation of Iraq. In the wake of Iraq claiming anti-Semitism as a ‘European disease’, and anti-Americanism and anti-Semitism as ‘twin brothers’, helps delegitimate European criticism of the war on terror. A new form of exceptionalism portrays the USA not only as the liberator of death camps and the protector of the Jewish people but, after 11 September, as a victim itself.     

从宪法性条约到条约性宪法--欧盟宪法的进步与局限

欧盟宪法与以前的欧洲一体化重要条约的区别在于,它已经超越了"宪法性条约"而成为"条约性宪法".欧盟宪法主要是欧洲的联邦主义者借欧盟扩大之机推进欧洲政治一体化的产物.欧盟宪法既有其巨大进步的一面,也有其难以克服的局限性一面.相比于现实意义,欧盟宪法的象征意义更大.欧盟宪法在批准过程中遇到的挫折是可以克服的,但是欧盟领导人不应当把一体化仅仅当作目的,而忽略其他对欧洲前途来说更重要的政治任务.     

Using and abusing the concept of the Third World: geopolitics and the comparative political study of development and underdevelopment

This article argues that, while the notion of a ‘Third World’ retains relevance and usefulness in the context of geopolitical analysis, generalisations about Third World politics are no longer helpful or justifiable. It begins by reviewing the historic rationales for the notion of the Third World together with criticisms made of these arguments. It then considers reasons why the term may retain some value at a geopolitical level: in signalling a major axis of inequality, providing a symbolic basis for collective action and, possibly, as an alternative to less attractive perspectives. The article then turns more specifically to the field of comparative politics, suggesting that in the past the notion of a Third World could be justified pragmatically as a response to the insularity of Western political science and because there was, up to a point, a common paradigm of Third World politics. Such justifications have been undermined by the growth in specialist knowledge of individual Third World countries or regions together with increasing differentiation among them.     

The rise of the Global South,the IMF and the future of Law and Development

Following the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis the world has witnessed a re-accommodation of the global financial system. In the particular case of middle-income countries they have disentangled themselves from the conditionality of the IMF and grown into more assertive actors in international forums, proposing new alternative mechanisms to become more financially independent and for the provision of development assistance. This article critically reviews the new reality by assessing the strategies deployed by developing countries to reduce the IMF’s influence, and explores the potential consequences of the rise of middle-income nations for Law and Development.