Sustaining freedom,security and justice – from terrorism to immigration

This article focuses on two areas central to sustaining freedom, security and justice: terrorism and immigration. Their inter-relationship and the instruments and measures adopted to prosecute them have significantly advanced judicial co-operation, communitisation of security, and re-assessment of the nature and requirements of EU governance in an EU committed to human rights, liberal democracy and realising sustainable freedom, security and justice. The article outlines the background to EU involvement in judicial co-operation. It then explores EU competence, instruments and measures developed to (i) combat terrorism and international organized crime; and (ii) immigration and asylum. It concludes that the inextricable linkage between the two has serious implications for future EU democratic governance. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

当前中国人权保障观的一种解析--以人口准入与迁徙自由为例

本文以国家人权保护义务的法律和政治道德义务为基础,分析了国家人权机构的性质与功能问题,在论证国家人权机构正当性的基础上,对世界各国的人权机构类型和功能进行了论述,并提出中国建立国家人权机构的必要性、可行性与基本模式。     

中国传统人权观念再探——一个比较法文化的视角

人权的概念虽然产生于西方 ,但人权的思想并不是西方的专利。我国传统文化中蕴含着大量的人权观念 ,这些观念与西方的人权观念可谓殊途同归。自由观是人权的理论基础 ,中国传统的自由观更强调个人自由和社会利益的协调 ,这种自由正是现代人权观的应有之义。善恶论是人权的人性基础 ,中西方的人性论在本原上都以性善论为基础 ,但西方的性善论在近代被启蒙学者颠覆 ,促成了法治 ,进而弘扬了人权 ,而中国的性善论始终未被颠覆 ,进而无法形成法治 ,人权观念没有变成人权现实。理性观是人权的文化基础 ,这在西方表现为自然法 ,中国古代也有自然法 ,中国的自然法在抽象层面上表现为“道” ,在现实层面上表现为“乐”。“道”中包含了大量的现代的人权观念 ,“乐”所营造的氛围催生了人权观念     

The freedom of navigation in international law and the utility of international society discourse

In the international law of the sea, the emergence of new actors and systems influencing relations between states has lead to evolving rules and calls for the redefinition of the traditional issues such the allocation of jurisdiction and rights to states in its maritime zones. In the maritime domain, this is seen thrice in the evolution of the various maritime zones in the United Nations Conferences for the Law of the Sea （UNCLOS I, II and III）. In the maritime domain, there are certain actions that are not dependent on any state＇s consent. One of such is the rule of freedom of navigation. This paper, argues for the possibilities of concomitance between international law and studies in international society based on the growing recognition of the importance of examining the sociological and historical element in rule development. This paper focuses on a rule in the international law of the sea with the aim of determining the extent to which norms have caused changes in rule development, if any. This method, known as the English School method of international relations, acknowledges the benefits of international law positivism in highlighting generality with the benefits of a normative discourse in highlighting alternatives and the utility of compliance. So, although the maritime domain is rooted in a state system, one where the parts interact as a whole, a branching-out analysis towards the normative discourse in the development of this rule will facilitate more understanding, as the case-specificity of most issues in the maritime domain cannot be overemphasised.     

Patriarchy,Abortion, and the Criminal System: Policing Female Bodies

This paper argues for a broader consideration of the issue of abortion—one that stresses the centrality of the denial of reproductive rights in the patriarchal policing of women’s bodies and their sexuality. Globally, the estimates of abortion-related deaths in 2014 ranged from 22,500 to 44,000, and countless women are injured or left infertile by seeking illegal abortions. We briefly review international trends regarding abortion politics and then analyze closely women’s access to abortion in two countries: the United States and Bangladesh. Representing two very different contexts of the developed and the developing world, respectively, we contend that abortion services are being constrained by misogynistic politics that deny women control over their bodies. Finally, the paper reviews recent international efforts to establish abortion rights as part of a broader landscape of human rights. Notably, while there are some efforts in the global north to recriminalize both contraception and abortion, these practices have been characterized by a recent United Nation’s report as the deliberate denial of medically available and necessary services and hence a form of “torture.”     

知识产权与人权:后TRIPS时代的知识产权国际保护

TRIPS的产生,在促进知识产权国际保护发展的同时,也被认为造成了知识产权制度与国际人权法之间的冲突。从立法宗旨上讲,不管对知识产权采用什么样的措辞,知识产权保护应与维护人类尊严和实现其他人权相一致。所以,我们必须开展有关研究工作,探寻如何在包括TRIPS在内的国际条约框架下,协调好知识产权与人权之间的关系;具体说来,知识产权国际保护制度必须以国际人权公约的价值取向为指导,在保护作者精神权、隐私权、公共健康与环境等方面进行制度改革。     

超越国家间政治——主权人权关系的国际法治维度

主权高于人权、人权高于主权，这些观点都是传统国际关系思想在二者关系上的投射。尽管都有其正确合理的一面，却未能清楚的梳理各种现象，更不能指出既面对现实又指出未来发展方向的方案。以国际法治为核心的路径认为主权和人权均可为美好理想，但在现实中皆可被滥用。因此需要法律予以监控和引导。     

论中国宪法与国际人权法对三代人权的保护

在人类发展的不同历史阶段上,在同一历史时期不同社会发展水平的空间分布上,人权都被赋予了不同的内容。迄今,已产生了三代人权。国际社会制定了一系列的国际人权文件,从国际法上对三代人权予以确认。中华人民共和国成立以后,借鉴有关国际人权法和外国宪法,先后颁布了四部宪法和相关修正案,对三代人权予以不同程度的确认,但也还有一些基本人权没有涉及,或者尚未明示确认。建议以后修宪时将三代人权的主要内容明确、完整地予以确认,必要时可作适当声明和保留,以完善我国宪法对三代人权的保护。     

惩治跨国贩运妇女儿童犯罪的现状、困境及对策

针对贩运妇女儿童犯罪日益猖獗和不断呈现出来的跨国有组织犯罪的发展趋势,各国有必要以联合国打击贩运人口的补充议定书为基础,建立打击贩运人口犯罪的国际合作机制,以有效遏制这类严重侵犯人权的犯罪,保护被贩卖的妇女、儿童的合法权益。     

Protecting Global Cities: New York,London and the Internationalization of Municipal Policing for Counter Terrorism

Policing counter terrorism is increasingly seen as key task for police forces spanning the entire spectrum of size and capability. However, in the case of many police forces, resource limitations, low threat levels and coordination with national level law enforcement have combined to limit the expansion of their counter terrorism efforts to things like minor increases in training and heightened awareness. There are however, at the other end of the spectrum, some city police forces that have drastically reorganized and reoriented their day-to-day operations in response to heightened threats. Relying on their unique access to resources, political autonomy and unique threat levels, New York City and London have internationalized their policing efforts in an unprecedented way. This article explores the similarities, differences and dynamics of this phenomenon.     

Mind the Gap: Lacunae in the International Legal Framework Governing Private Military and Security Companies

Abstract

This article examines the common claim that there are gaps in international law that undermine accountability of private military and security companies. A multi-actor analysis examines this question in relation to the commission of international crimes, violations of fundamental human rights, and ordinary crimes. Without this critical first step of identifying specific deficiencies in international law, the debate about how to enhance accountability within this sector is likely to be misguided at best.     

贸易与人权关系初探——兼论WTO与人权

2001年11月在卡塔尔首都多哈举行的WTO第四次部长级会议通过了《关于TRIPS协议和公共健康宣言》引起了在WTO范围内知识产权的保护和人权保护之间关系的讨论,进而扩展到WTO法与国际人权法之间的关系。贸易和人权二者之间虽然存在着一定的冲突,但是二者在发展历史和实践中的联系却是不可忽视的。在现有的WTO框架下,发达国家和发展中国家基于各自的利益,都在人权问题上向对方发难。人权迟早会被纳入WTO的考虑范围之内,关键是以何种方式将其纳入WTO的范围。《多哈TRIPS宣言》是一种比较实际的方式,即就具体问题所涉及的人权达成具有国际法拘束力的协议,采用逐个、渐进的方式将人权纳入到WTO范围之内。     

Sparing the rod: Schools, discipline and children's rights in multicultural Britain

How should we treat unruly children in our schools? Which punishments are appropriate? successful?; and will they instill order and discipline in the next generation? These are the perennial questions asked by adults, answered by adults, and rarely posed to children themselves! Instead, educationalists and parents have sought to control minors by resorting to a variety of disciplinary sanctions. Today, however, the questions have to be set within a developing philosophy of `children's rights' whereby young people are seen as having entitlements which challenge existing notions of adult authority. This paper explores these issues within an overarching theme of human rights. It does not seek to promote the case for children's rights in isolation, but rather locates the question within the context of rights and responsibilities of pupils, teachers, and parents. Discussion provides an historical perspective on physical chastisement in the home and at school; analysis of the impact of the European Court of Human Rights on abolition in Britain; and a review of alternative sanctions being explored. Further, attempts to re-introduce the cane are considered notwithstanding clear indication from Strasbourg that violence can no longer be condoned. Finally, the dignity and integrity of the person will continue to be at the forefront of the debate on children's rights as there is clearly discernible an international dissemination of legal norms which can serve as a mechanism of social control, responsive to changing popular ideologies and effecting influence on social policy and practice.     

国际人权法上的迁徙自由和移徙工人的权利保护--以中国农民工为例

经济全球化促使人们充分享有迁徙自由这项不可剥夺的基本人权的同时,更促成了移徙工人的群体规模,从而使移徙工人权利保护成为国际人权法的一项重要内容。以中国农民工为例,移徙工人在其迁徙地的经济和社会发展中作出了巨大的贡献,但其所应当得到的与其所付出的存在着严重的不均衡态势。从长远来看,必须高度重视人类社会生态链中移徙工人权利保护这一环。     

论国际法与宪法的效力关系--《公民权利和政治权利国际公约》的视角

在有关国际法与宪法的效力关系的国内法制度中,有规定宪法的效力优于国际法的,也有规定国际法的效力优于宪法的.根据有关国际法与宪法效力关系的国际法,国际法的效力优于各国宪法,每个国家都有义务依据宪法或法律采取履行国际义务的措施、不得以宪法及其他国内法为理由不履行国际义务,但各国可以利用条约保留机制处理国际条约与宪法或法律的冲突.在国际关系中,违背国际法的宪法或法律规定不具有法律效力,削定或实施违背国际法的宪法或法律规定构成国际不法行为,产生国际责任.关于违背国际法的宪法或法律规定在其本国国内的效力,应当具体情况具体分析,违背一般国际法强制性规范、违背对整个国际社会的义务或违背<公民权利和政治权利国际公约>中的缔约国在紧急情况下也不得克减保障义务的强制性条款的宪法或法律规定,应当是自始无效的.     

论欧洲理事会的人权保护制度对建立和完善国际人权保护制度的影响

欧洲理事会采取集体办法促进和保护人权的理论和实践对建立和完善国际人权保护制度产生了深远的影响 :区域性人权保护办法是在区域层面上施行《世界人权宣言》的有效途径 ;国际人权机构应通过改革不断提高人权的可司法性 ;主权国家应在采取集体办法保护区域人权方面积极行使主权权利 ;人权国际保护内在地要求增强个人的权利主体意识 ;国际人权保护机构应不断提高其工作效率。随着欧洲理事会的人权保护制度的不断完善 ,它在人权国际保护中的“领跑者”的形象和影响将得以继续显现。     

Redfearn v UK: Political Association and Dismissal

In Redfearn v UK the European Court of Human Rights examined the question whether dismissal for membership of a political party is compatible with freedom of association under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court endorsed a strong commitment to multi‐party democracy and protection of employees against the domination of the employers. This note discusses the judgment and its implications for UK law, looking at three key issues: first, whether the law of unfair dismissal provides effective protection against action that poses a threat to the enjoyment of Convention rights; second, the grounds under which an employer may justify the lawfulness of a dismissal that interferes with a Convention right; third, the available remedies against the employer when there is a breach of a Convention right.     

Freedom and Futures: Personal Priorities, Institutional Demands and Freedom of Religion

How should one define the legitimate reach of individuals' institutional obligations in the light of their right to freedom of religion? The most divisive settings for this question involve exclusions from certain jobs and schools. At the same time, some fundamental issues of ethics and law lie in the background. One of the most central concerns choice. On one approach, if there are other sources of work or education that do not make the same demands on the objector then she should choose between conforming and taking up that alternative. On another approach, even if there are such alternatives, people should not be confronted with such a dilemma: they should be entitled to stay in their preferred institution, which must make its best effort to accommodate them. The conflict between these two views arises from underlying differences concerning the nature of free choice itself; about the obligations borne by institutions in civil society; and about basic rights. The connections between these notions are investigated, and a way through the disagreement is suggested.     

论人权国际保护与国家主权

人权国际保护与国家主权的关系 ,是现代国际法上的一个基本理论问题。人权国际保护与国家主权并不是绝对对立的 ,而是互相统一、互相促进的。一方面 ,人权国际保护对国家主权提出了新的挑战 ;另一方面 ,国家主权又对人权国际保护产生制约。在承认不干涉内政原则的情况下 ,国际社会在特定情势下为保护人权可进行干涉。     

国际人权法的晚近发展及未来趋势

国际人权法的迅速发展对以国家利益为核心的传统国际法和国际秩序提出严峻挑战。从过去单一强调"国家安全"到人本回归;从"保护的责任"概念的提出,强调国家主权更意味着对人民的保护责任。这些有关国家与个人关系的理念上的变化,表明国际社会越来越强调个人的价值和尊严,国家主权受到越来越多的限制。而国际刑事法院的建立和联合国人权理事会的诞生,则彰显了国际社会意欲强化国际人权法的实施监督机制的决心,这是国际人权法未来发展的趋势。