The European Union and Penal Law

Technically-speaking, penal law remains outside the competence of the European Communities and Union. However, mirroring other legal developments within Europe, a combination of higher Community 'principles' such as proportionality, non-discrimination, free competition and loyal co-operation, together with secondary Community law, has on the one hand, led to an unforeseen process of the harmonisation of national penal systems; with national norms either being set aside by Community law, or given extended scope in the pursuance of EC/EU goals. On the other hand, certain European interests – most notably, the need to safeguard the European Union budget – have proven strong enough to prompt the evolution of a nascent penal law of the EU; the most noteworthy development here being the drawing up of an independent European 'corpus juris' covering penal policy and procedure in the area of EU budget protection.     

The Telecommunications Law of the European Union

Abstract: This article is intended to give an overview of the law as it stands on telecommunications at the Community level. Over the past ten years the telecommunications law and policy of the European Community have developed rapidly along the twin axes of liberalisation (deregulation) and harmonisation (reregulation). The innovative use of Article 90 EEC has been central to liberalisation, while most harmonisation legislation has been based on open network provision (ONP) passed under Article 100a. The article concludes that, now the national monopolies have been largely dismantled, new issues will arise in the competitive market.     

The Collective Labour Law of the European Union

Abstract: The collective labour law of the European Union is embedded in a variety of legal measures incorporating principles of collective labour law reflecting national experience. The dynamic of its development has been the spill-over effect of these principles, through their translation into the status of EU law, and their development by decisions of the European Court of Justice. The article outlines a framework of principles which, it is argued, are currently embodied in the collective labour law of the EU. They include collectively bargained labour standards, workers' collective representation, workers' participation, and protection of strikers against dismissal. In addition, there is a parallel principle of collective solidarity emerging in the social security law of the EU. The principle of collective negotiation of labour law introduced by the Protocol and Agreement on Social Policy may be seen as the founding constitutional basis for the collective labour law of the European Union.     

欧盟信息安全法律框架之解读

网络与信息系统安全已经引起了全世界共同关注,美国和欧盟在这一领域走在了世界的前列。伴随中欧经济、文化交流的日益密切,欧盟信息安全法律框架也为我国立法提供了可资借鉴的蓝本。通过解读欧盟信息安全法律框架的演变轨迹及其特点,结合我国信息安全保障立法现状,分析当前我国信息安全立法的主要着力点,提出我国应加快信息安全立法进程,用法律形式明确信息安全监管机构和监管模式,构建有中国特色的信息安全法律体系。     

论欧盟法在成员国的适用

欧盟法主要由欧盟与成员国签订的基础性条约、欧盟与第三国或国际组织签订的条约和欧盟通过的条例、指令和决定组成。在欧盟内部,欧盟法可以直接适用,具有直接效力,并处于优先地位。欧盟法与成员国法的关系既不同于国际法和国内法关系,也不同于联邦法与成员邦法的关系。欧盟成员国各自适用欧盟法的实践,反映了欧盟法独特的适用方式,表明国际法日益得到普遍的尊重与遵守,主权国家自觉灵活适用国际法以维护国家利益,国际组织在国际法国内适用方面发挥重要作用。这是对现代国际法的丰富与发展。     

The Failure of Defamation Law to Safeguard against SLAPPs in Ontario

The authors examine the failure of the law of defamation in Canada to reflect changed realities with respect to public participation in decision-making processes and the impact that this has had on Strategic Lawsuits Against Public Participation (SLAPPs) in the Ontario context. They examine the enhancement of the public's substantive and procedural rights to participate in environmental decision-making processes reflected in legislation at the international, federal and provincial levels. They argue that SLAPPs threaten to reverse these shifts in norms in the development of public policy. The authors review anti-SLAPP legislation as well as the evolution of defamation law in Canada and other jurisdictions and conclude by offering some law reform recommendations for Ontario.     

Codification of Administrative Law: The US and the Union

Abstract: The US Administrative Procedures Act of 1946 was engendered by partisan political conflicts. Initially judicial review of administrative rule-making under the act was extremely deferent. In the course of the 1960s and 1970s the federal courts, basing themselves upon the unchanged language of the statute, created a new body of administrative law characterised by very great demands on the agencies and very intrusive judicial review. This transformation was fuelled by partisan realignments, fear of technocracy and desire for greater transparency and popular participation in government decision-making. Because these same forces are now active in relation to the Union, it may be anticipated that similar tendencies toward a demanding procedural law of rule-making and high levels of judicial review will be felt as Union administrative law develops.     

The State of Gender Equality Law in the European Union

Abstract:  This article assesses critically the recent law and policy initiatives in European Union gender equality. As a fundamental right, the principle of gender equality is to apply in all areas of EU law. Its scope has been extended to the access to and supply of goods and services and, according to the European Court of Justice, to the Third Pillar. Despite efforts to render the principle visible and accessible, a number of provisions remain unclear and contradictory. The contribution of external actors in this field is set to help safeguarding and enhancing the Community gender equality acquis .     

Anti-Discrimination Law and the European Union

Netherlands International Law Review -     

欧洲联盟法中的指令协调机制

今天的欧洲联盟,已经发展到了27个成员国,它的一体化运动,是以法律的趋同、一致化为条件和体现的。在共同体层面制定的法律,最终要在27个国家得到具体的实现;在这个过程中,法律的协调和一致化的引导是不可缺少的环节。就指令而言,在从欧共体到欧盟的几十年间,采用了"旧"、"新"两种不同的协调方法。通过对它们分别进行考察和结合案例的分析,可以看到协调机制是一个包括欧洲法院参与在内的动态系统。     

欧共体司法改革的法治国家走向

一、欧洲法院组织的共同体化《尼斯条约》(der Vertrag von Nizza)对《欧共体条约》(der EG—Vertrag)(以下简称EGV)中有关欧共体法院的规定(EGV第220条及其以下条款)作了大量的修改,从而成为欧共体法院制度全面改革的开端。EGV220Ⅱ结合EGV225a对特别案件的审判庭设置作了规定。这其中到底存在着何种司法制度建构的可行方案,可以通过对相关法律规范的概览获得清晰的了解。...     

欧盟国际私法的最新发展进程——《罗马Ⅱ(Rom Ⅱ)》(2007年第846号条例)

非合同债权关系法律适用条例的通过,标志着欧盟成员国之间的债权关系法律适用的统一进程又往前走了一步。罗马Ⅱ中确立了一般原则,辅以例外、规避条款并列出特殊关系的法律适用条款的立法模式,对统一国际私法有很好的参考价值。虽然仍有一些悬而未决的问题,但搁置争议,出台已达成共识的规范,罗马Ⅱ的通过以及罗马Ⅰ罗马Ⅲ……为统一国际私法提供了一种立法思路。     

论同性结合的民法规范

同性结合由刑法规范至民法规范的跨越经历了数千年历程,是社会发展、文化多元、观念变迁及人类对同性恋认知深化的产物和同性结合去罪化、去病化至正常化发展的结果。但各国同性结合民法规范的立法技术不同,对同性结合权利义务的规定有别,其中蕴涵着不同的法理和价值取向,具有各自的文化适应性。我国是一个文化单一、法律道德化和家中心理念深厚的国家,同性结合生存的社会环境不同,同性结合之民法规范应当选择适合于我国法律和文化的路径。     

欧盟反托拉斯法的现代化

欧盟反托拉斯法包括限制竞争协议和滥用市场支配地位两个部分.自1962年以来,其规则基本没有发生变化.但在新旧世纪交替之时,欧盟反托拉斯法开始了现代化的进程.欧盟制定了新的反托拉斯执法制度,并于2004年5月1日起实施.新制度赋予欧共体条约第81条第1款和第3款直接适用的效力,废除了对限制竞争协议的通知要求,确立了欧盟委员会主导、欧盟委员会与各国竞争当局、法院密切合作、共同执法、欧盟法院监督的新体制.欧盟委员会制定了与之配套的相关条例、准则,同时还对技术许可协议的规范制定了新规则.