知识产权法定主义的缺陷及其克服——以侵权构成的限定性和非限定性为中心

知识产权法定主义存在过分依赖立法者理性认识能力、忽视司法过程的能动性和创造性、难以很好地适应社会发展的缺陷.从侵权构成的角度看,其缺陷的实质在于严格坚持侵权构成的限定性.为了克服知识产权法定主义的缺陷,从侵权构成的角度看,应当坚持侵权构成的非限定性.在知识产权领域中坚持侵权构成的非限定性,应当对类型化的权利以外的应受法律保护的利益做出适当限制,以防止法官滥用司法自由裁量权,为此应当区别类型化的权利和类型化权利以外的利益,并在此基础上对权利享有者和利益享有者配置不同的请求权.     

侵权法的地位及与民法典各编关系的协调

我国侵权责任法在民法典中处于权利救济法地位，其内容设置应围绕对受害人损害的 补偿展开。在尊重法律分工协作的体系安排下，立法应认识到侵权责任法功能的局限性。本属于公法 任务的惩罚侵权人规则应交由行政法等规定，或者在单行法中规定；社会保障法理念的“有损害，有救 济”不宜在侵权法贯彻；对公共利益的保护在民法中是以对私权利救济面目体现的，侵权责任法不宜 直接规定对公共利益的救济。作为民法典的组成部分，侵权责任编与人格权编中的人格权保护、物权 法编中的物权保护以及民法总则中的民事责任一章需协调建构，因构成要件和法律后果的不同，应将 基于权利自身权能所拥有的救济功能交由相关编规定，侵权责任编则以损害赔偿为基本救济方式。具 体规范设计尽量做到构成要件清楚，法律后果明确。     

人身损害救济规则体系化的法国经验及启示 ——以法国两部学者草案为基础的比较研究

制定民法典是中国对既有侵权责任规则体系化、尤其是从重视责任构成立法转向重视救济规则体系化的契机.当下法国改革民事责任法的一个重点是人身损害救济规则的成文化与体系化,改革已比较成熟,值得借鉴.法国民事责任法改革的方向是,将专门针对人身损害设计特别救济规则,确立人身损害救济事项的标准化,从严限制间接受害人的救济范围,扩张精神损害的适用范围.法国改革经验中的如下事项对中国民法典中的侵权责任规范立法以及司法实践具有较好的参考价值:人身损害与财产损害救济规则的区分立法模式,损害赔偿的计算,人身损害救济事项分类体系,对间接损害救济范围的限定要素、精神损害赔偿适用范围的确定等.     

论侵权法中的价值平衡思想——权利保护与行为自由的平衡

权利保护与行为自由是侵权法中的基本矛盾,也是侵权法的二元价值目标。侵权法中的归责原则、因果关系、惩罚性赔偿等制度均体现了权利保护与行为自由的平衡思想。我国《侵权责任法》在总体上也体现了这一平衡思想,但由于负担了超出其功能范围的社会救济职能,其在个别制度的设计上仍有违权利保护与行为自由的平衡精神。     

生态文明背景下侵权法一般规则的“绿色化”改造

作为落实《民法总则》绿色原则的重要领域,侵权责任法回应环境问题不能仅局限于环境侵权责任专章。侵权法一般规则未对绿色原则做出适当回应,已与环境侵权责任专章内容的不断发展形成巨大反差,致使环境侵权规则在整体上游离于侵权法体系之外。此状况不仅理论上难以自洽,而且招致了实践争议,不利于对环境权益的保护。在侵权法一般规则中贯彻绿色原则,并与环境侵权的专门规定相互呼应,既是生态文明的时代需求,也是侵权法、民法体系化的必然要求。完善民法典侵权责任编(草案)应以全面救济环境损害为目标,具化、优化侵权责任方式和责任承担,同时注重发挥法律解释的作用,通过多途径推动侵权法一般规则的绿色化,增强侵权法体系乃至民法体系的融贯性。建议修改侵权责任编(草案)的救济范围、责任方式和责任分担等规定,并在《民法总则》纳入民法典时调整相关规范,形成从民法总则、侵权法一般规则到环境侵权专门规则相互协调的环境损害民法救济体系。     

违反保护他人法律的过错责任

违反保护他人法律的侵权责任通过精准界定抽象而模糊的过错概念、扩张或者细化侵权法的保护范围，使侵权法中僵化模糊的规则能够适应不断发展并充满风险的当代社会。保护性法律需符合法律渊源的要求，并且该法律的目的应在于保护私人利益并提供侵权法的救济。此种特殊过错责任的构成要件相比一般过错责任具有特殊性，并且其各要件处于相互动态关联中。我国侵权责任法仅在第6条规定了有关过错责任的一般条款，仍需通过此种特殊的过错责任，尤其需借助于以行政法所确立的行为标准为主的保护性法律法规来进一步界定抽象的过错。     

个人信息处理者过错推定责任研究

个人信息处理者承担过错推定责任的实质基础在于处理行为引起的作为义务,而不仅仅是为了强化保护个人信息权益。《个人信息保护法》中的过错推定责任与《民法典》侵权责任编没有体系衔接冲突问题,但与人格权编所确立的“隐私权”和“个人信息”并行体例存在张力关系。处理私密信息造成损害的,应承担过错推定责任,而不适用有关隐私权规定。处理者的过错推定责任不是一种普遍性责任,其适用范围具有限定性,适用要件也有特殊性。此过错推定责任救济的是侵害人格权益的财产损失,不包括精神损害,其过错判断主要限于违反法定义务的违法行为及比例原则下的实质违法行为,其因果关系要件的特殊性则在于采取“高度盖然性”证明标准,而非实行举证责任倒置。     

民法典编纂视域下的大规模侵权定位

风险社会中泛滥的大规模侵权事件严重侵害了不特定多数人的生命权、健康权、财产权等民事权益,而沿用传统侵权类型的救济模式却抑或由于过错要件、因果关系要件的难以证明,抑或囿于致害者的责任财产不足,难以给予被侵权者妥帖而有效的保护。为了缓解大规模侵权类型在侵权责任体系中的规制缺位导致的救济困境,并于民法典中充分彰显人格权保护的理念,有必要在民法典编纂的进程中将大规模侵权纳入侵权责任体系,进行有别于传统侵权类型的规则设计。     

外观设计专利权保护范围的解释原则——以外观设计专利侵权判定为视角

外观设计专利权保护范围是进行外观设计专利侵权判定的前提和基础。从现有法律制度及侵权判定需要出发，解释外观设计专利权保护范围时应当遵循整体性解释原则、区分性解释原则和限定性解释原则。     

信用权保护的私法进路

信用兼具人格属性和财产价值，以信用利益为基础生成的信用权本质是一种新兴人格权，系民事主体依法享有的维护自身信用并排除他人侵害的权利。其权利主体具有普遍性、客体确定、内容完整，权利构成要素清晰，满足法权化的实质和形式要求。然因智能算法侵权冲击现行信用法制、信用评级引发数字身份歧视、失信联合惩戒机制的施行等正在给信用权保护带来新挑战，现行立法的附带性保护淡化信用权的独立性，司法的选择性救济难以有效护持信用主体的正当权益。立基于信用权的内在特质与特殊侵权样态，其保护理念与路径亟待更新。具体需在民法典体系下，确立以侵权法保护为中心的私法进路，通过规范信用权的法律构造、明确信用权作为具体的新兴人格权地位，确立其侵权责任构成、明晰其侵权责任承担方式、建立信用信息修复机制来实现对信用权的妥适保护。     

流浪乞讨与管制--从贫困救助看中央与地方权限的界定

随着《收容遣送办法》的废止,个人自由权利与社会治安秩序之间的现实冲突比过去更为突显。应转变中央和地方关系的传统思维,在允许地方更多自主权和选择权的同时,更充分地保障公民个人的宪法基本权利。无论是中央和地方关系的法律界定,还是公民权利的宪法保障,都要求建立独立的司法机构以审查地方立法的有效性。     

当前广东拐卖妇女儿童犯罪的特点、原因及对策

近年来,广东一些地区拐卖妇女儿童犯罪屡禁不绝,愈演愈烈.拐卖妇女儿童犯罪是一种十分野蛮的犯罪活动,它严重侵害了妇女儿童最基本的人身权利,极大地危害了社会秩序,败坏了社会风气.本文通过分析其犯罪特点及原因,进一步提出相应对策.     

Elderly widows and widowers and their coresidents in late 19th- and early 20th-century England and Wales

This article examines the family and household patterns of widowers and widows in England and Wales between 1891 and 1921 in terms of the proportion of widowers and widows who lived with never- or ever-married children, servants, or inmates, with nonrelatives only, or on their own. The absence of marked change between 1891 and 1921 in the frequency with which elderly widowers and widows lived with a married or never-married child are in line with the Laslett [J. Fam. Hist. 12 (1987) 263.] expectation that family patterns evolve only slowly, certainly much slower than the forces of political and economic change. Where changes can be detected, as in the decline in frequency of coresidence with servants or inmates, these changes were experienced by the younger as well as the older widowed and by married people. Apparently, the residence patterns of the elderly widowed changed due to the introduction of means-tested old-age pensions in 1910. A second investigated is the extent to which the socioeconomic environment influenced the residence patterns of the widowed in a given time period. The effect in general proves to be weak with little difference between one environment and another in the frequency with which widowers coresided with their children and evidence of gender balancing of the household (relatively more widows living with sons and more widowers with daughters) visible only in agricultural environments.     

全球化与法理学的变革和更新

全球化进程深刻地改变着法的存在方式、价值取向和发展方向 ,也必然引起法理学的理论变革与更新。本文以法律本体论、法律价值观、法律人格观、法律发展观、法治观等五个法理学的基本论题为主题 ,分析或展望全球化所可能引起的法理学的理论变革和更新。     

Crime Volume and Law and Order Culture

The literature on public opinion about crime and justice has neglected the exploration of macro‐ or community‐level influences on individual‐level attitudes. A key macrofactor that may be related to individual level attitudes is the volume of violent crime. High crime rates can facilitate the development of a culture of “law and order,” a response that may be a practical or instrumental attempt to control crime. The present paper tests the hypothesis that persons residing in nations marked by a high volume of crime will be more likely to adhere to elements of a law and order culture. It employs data from the International Social Science Program (N = 15,024). Controls are taken from major theoretical perspectives on public opinion about crime as well as demographic factors. The results from a hierarchical linear model support the hypothesis that individuals residing in nations with high crime rates are more likely than others to support law and order ideologies. The findings extend the support for this relationship from research based on the US alone to other industrialized societies.     

Habermas and Deleuze on Law and Adjudication

This article stages an encounter between Habermas and Deleuze on law, rights, and adjudication. Most of the article is spent developing Habermas’s concept of adjudication as the application of communicatively generated norms. This application, I argue, involves a complex temporality that is at once retrospective and non-creative. Deleuze is used to critique this concept of adjudication in favor of one based on concrete situations and the creation of new problems. In so doing, I will develop Deleuze’s notorious, and notoriously hostile, remarks on human rights and philosophies of communication by relating them to discourse ethics and to the positive conception of law and judgment that can be drawn from his work.

Up and Down,Old and New: Values and Value Systems of MPs and Voters in France

MPs are often criticised as being homogeneous. This is well known in terms of social background or gender, but the criticism also holds for values and norms. MPs are said to share normative agreements on the essential points and demonstrate differences on second-order issues. This criticism is even more widespread regarding the new politics based on the cultural divide, notably vis-à-vis politicians from the extreme right as far as immigration, European integration or globalisation are concerned. In this contribution, these criticisms are addressed by investigating the degree of normative agreements and disagreements of French MPs. Furthermore, the differences both in old and new politics between MPs on the one hand and the electorate as a whole and their supporters on the other hand are evaluated. It is concluded that MPs are definitely not all the same and the degrees of difference among MPs or with the electorate are far from being those expected.     

论抵押与留置担保权的竞合条件及其效力

抵押权与留置权在同一标的物并存的情况下,哪一个应优先受偿的问题,是一个重要然而在法律中尚未明确的问题。本文提出并论证了抵押权与留置权在同一标的上竞合而主体不同的状态下,留置权应优先于抵押权受偿的观点。     

Implementing and evaluating crime prevention and control programs and policies

The history of crime prevention and control efforts in the United States has demonstrated little progressive improvement in our ability to deter crime. The major obstacles to implementing effective interventions and policies have been a weak scientific knowledge base about how to prevent crime, the research community's inability to effectively disseminate what is known about the causes of crime and to translate this knowledge into operational programs and policies, and a resistance on the part of practitioners and policy makers to evaluate programs and policies and to use this information in the development of new programs and policies. In the last decade, there have been major advances in our understanding about the causes of crime and we have now demonstrated the effectiveness of selected prevention programs. But there is little evidence that this scientific knowledge is informing current practice or policy. Problems in the dissemination of this information and the resistance to utilizing it remain. These problems are discussed and suggestions are made for addressing them. Our knowledge base remains modest, but it is now sufficient to inform policy and practice. The research community must work to do a better job of disseminating this information and overcoming the resistance to utilizing it before we will be successful in implementing effective crime prevention programs and policies. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.