The ideal subject distance for passport pictures

In an age of global combat against terrorism, the recognition and identification of people on document images is of increasing significance. Experiments and calculations have shown that the camera-to-subject distance - not the focal length of the lens - can have a significant effect on facial proportions. Modern passport pictures should be able to function as a reference image for automatic and manual picture comparisons. This requires a defined subject distance. It is completely unclear which subject distance, in the taking of passport photographs, is ideal for the recognition of the actual person. We show here that the camera-to-subject distance that is perceived as ideal is dependent on the face being photographed, even if the distance of 2m was most frequently preferred. So far the problem of the ideal camera-to-subject distance for faces has only been approached through technical calculations. We have, for the first time, answered this question experimentally with a double-blind experiment. Even if there is apparently no ideal camera-to-subject distance valid for every face, 2m can be proposed as ideal for the taking of passport pictures. The first step would actually be the determination of a camera-to-subject distance for the taking of passport pictures within the standards. From an anthropological point of view it would be interesting to find out which facial features allow the preference of a shorter camera-to-subject distance and which allow the preference of a longer camera-to-subject distance.     

被害人独立诉讼主体地位的回归

原始的刑事自诉模式下,被害人为刑事诉讼的主体之一。但在漫长的中世纪,被害人陷入证人的境地,国家成为唯一的诉讼主体。当代,虽然被害人普遍地被当作刑事诉讼的当事人,但是并不具有独立的诉讼主体地位,所以传统的刑事诉讼结构一直没有被害人的一席之地。现代刑事诉讼制度应当恢复刑事被害人的诉讼主体地位,并设计相应的制度充分保障刑事被害人诉讼主体地位的实现。     

Certainty of subject matter

The plaintiff alleged that the defendant had executed a declarationof trust in her favour in respect of 220,000 of the 1.5 m shareshe held in a certain company. The defendant resisted this claimthat there was a valid trust as the shares could not be identifiedand therefore there was no certainty to the subject matter. The Supreme Court of New South Wales (Equity Division), CampbellJ, considered the construction and the declaration     

The possibility of using malposition of tooth rows for the subject identification

Described in the paper is the possibility of using the specific anomalies of tooth rows in personality identification. The existing classifications of tooth-row anomalies are elucidated; published data on epidemiology of dentomaxillary anomalies in the Russian Federation and on jaw models are analyzed. Digital photos of tooth rows were used. The possible use of orthodontic methods as applicable to investigating the tooth-row anomalies is contemplated for personality identification.     

民事主体制度的选择性与开放性论纲

民事主体制度的演进是一个从一元主体到多元主体的复杂历程。自然人基于人道主义观念、人权运动的发展、通过不懈地斗争成为民事主体;组织体因实体性契机、特定功能契机、立法政策契机共同作用被赋予私法人格。未来的民事主体制度在信息化与高科技地推动下,实现了历史与逻辑的统一,必定是一个开放、多元的系统。     

论船舶经营人在船舶碰撞中的责任主体地位

针对应当如何确定船舶经营人在船舶碰撞中的责任主体地位这一难点问题,从界定船舶经营人的概念入手,分析船舶经营人在海上运输中的法律地位,归纳、总结认定船舶碰撞损害责任主体应遵循的三个基本原则,并在此基础上展开分析、论证,提出船舶在委托经营期间发生碰撞事故,船舶经营人应当作为责任主体承担损害赔偿责任的结论.     

论船舶经营人在船舶碰撞中的责任主体地位

针对应当如何确定船舶经营人在船舶碰撞中的责任主体地位这一难点问题,从界定船舶经营人的概念入手,分析船舶经营人在海上运输中的法律地位,归纳、总结认定船舶碰撞损害责任主体应遵循的三个基本原则,并在此基础上展开分析、论证,提出船舶在委托经营期间发生碰撞事故,船舶经营人应当作为责任主体承担损害赔偿责任的结论。     

宪政视野里的主体行为范式解读——关于合法与违法概念的辩证及其在宪政话语里的特殊蕴涵

合法性所强调的是行为主体的行为有法律的根据,违法所表达的是主体的行为违背了法律的规定。在宪政体制下,对主体行为的法律评价因主体的性质不同而有区别,对公权主体的行为范式的要求是行为合法,对私权主体的行为范式的要求是行为不违法。     

Adding subject matter by deleting from claim

This case concerns a situation where a deletion of text froma claim amounted to an extension of the patent beyond the contentof the application as originally filed. The Board drew a distinctionbetween deleting text and adding text when applying Art 123(2)EPC.