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1.
With the economics of racism of the 1930s and 1950s American South in mind, our essay explores the relationship between the
act of writing and institutional penology. Taking an obscure, but visceral autobiographical account by Paterson and Conrad
( Scottsboro Boy, Garden City Doubleday, 1950), we examine how discipline, punishment, and institutional identity emerge out of publishing, or, as Foucault put it, “the
power of writing.” Narratives of delinquency born out of a racialized penal economy tend to resist attempts to tame the criminal,
making institutional survival a productive discourse, and its articulation, a unique revolutionary act.
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2.
In this article we show—using the estimated cost efficiency of banks—that besides the risk (proxied by the share of non-performing
loans), the quality of operational cost management was an equally important determinant of bank failure risk during the decade
of banking sector transformation in the Czech Republic.
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3.
Changes in the juvenile justice system have led to more serious sanctioning of adolescents (Heilbrun, Goldstein, & Redding,
2005). A salient question for understanding whether such sanctions are appropriate pertains to whether adolescents are less mature
than adults in making decisions that lead to antisocial activity. The current study codes for psychosocial content of antisocial
decision making in adolescents (ages 12–17), young adults (18–23), and adults (ages 35–63). Results suggest that adolescents
and young adults display increased psychosocial content in their antisocial decision making relative to adults. However, the
unique effect of psychosocial content on self-report criminal behavior was significantly greater among adolescents than among
adults, whereas for young adults this was not the case. Implications for legal policy are discussed.
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4.
Internationalisation of corporate R&D—driven mainly by multinational enterprises (MNEs)—has received increasing interest recently.
As a small open economy, Austria faces special challenges with regard to this on-going process. The share of Austrian R&D
financed from abroad is outstanding in international comparison. Indeed, a significant portion of R&D activities in Austria
is defined by strategic decisions of international corporations, which are re-assessing their spatial division of labour continuously.
In our paper, we analyse the characteristics of these foreign-owned corporations in Austria and demonstrate that they form
the more ‘modern’ part of Austrian industry. At the same time, we show that these companies and R&D facilities are embedded
in the Austrian national innovation system (NIS) to a large extent. This embeddedness is also explicitly and implicitly supported
by the Austrian technology policy. We conclude that this high degree of embeddedness in the NIS may be crucial for the sustainability
of foreign-owned R&D facilities.
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5.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
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6.
This paper introduces major themes addressed in this special issue, which is based on NSF's Division of Science Resources
Statistics (SRS) workshop Advancing Measures of Innovation—Knowledge Flows, Business Metrics, and Measurement Strategies, held on June 6-7, 2006 near Washington, D.C. The first two sections describe the workshop and provide a brief background
on R & D and innovation metrics. The last section introduces the papers. They are based on selected workshop presentations
along with additional invited papers.
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7.
The European Directive on Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment 2002/96/EC distorts incentives in regulated markets. Treatment
of ‘historical waste’—i.e. products sold prior to 13 August 2005—is financed by all firms in the market at the time of disposal.
This stimulates excessive pre-regulation output by incumbents for two reasons: a costs sharing effect and entry deterrence.
Entry deterrence is achieved by raising the common costs of waste disposal. Entry is a main driver of innovation in the affected
industries. The feasibility of a first best policy is discussed and an alternative rule superior to the status quo is presented.
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8.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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9.
The present research suggests that stranger harassment (i.e., experiencing unwanted sexual attention from strangers in public)
is a frequent experience for young adult women, and that it has negative implications for their well-being. First, stranger
harassment was positively related to self-objectification (Fredrickson & Roberts, Psychol Women Quart 21:173–206 1997). This was true for women who coped with stranger harassment using common strategies (passive, self-blame, or benign), but
not for women who used an uncommon, active coping strategy (e.g., confronting the harasser). Second, stranger harassment experiences
and self-objectification were positively related to women’s fear of and perceived risk of rape. Further, women who feared
rape were more likely to restrict their freedom of movement. In concert, the findings suggest that stranger harassment may
have both direct and indirect negative effects on women’s lives, and that it is a phenomenon worthy of future research.
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10.
Originally developed in biology, capture-recapture methodologies have increasingly been integrated into the study of human
populations to provide estimates of the size of “hidden populations.” This paper explores the validity of one capture-recapture
model—Zelterman’s ( 1988) truncated Poisson estimator—used to estimate the size of the marijuana cultivation industry in Quebec, Canada. The capture–recapture
analysis draws on arrest data to estimate the number of marijuana growers “at risk of being arrested” for a period of five
years (1998–2002). Estimates are provided for growers involved in two different techniques: (1) soil-based growing, and (2)
hydroponics. In addition, the study develops an original method to estimate the prevalence of cultivation sites “at risk of
detection.” A first set of findings shows that the cultivation industry is substantial; the estimated prevalence of growers
compares to estimates of marijuana dealers in the province. Capture–recapture estimates are also used to compare the risks
of being arrested for different types of offenders. Results indicate that hydroponic growers—those involved in large scale
and sophisticated sites—face lower enforcement-related risks than growers involved in smaller enterprises. The significance
of these findings is discussed in the context of the widespread development, both in Europe and in North America, of a successful
domestic production-driven, rather than importation-driven, marijuana trade.
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11.
Inherent to any substantive social change is the disruption of the status quo. To the extent that individuals are motivated
to preserve the current social system (e.g., Jost & Banaji, British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27, 1994), even social change in pursuit of positive goals might evoke ambivalent reactions. Although activist groups might elicit
positivity because they are assumed to have positive qualities and they seek positive goals, they might evoke negativity because
their actions disrupt the current social system. These experiments examined two different forms of disruption of the status
quo. In Experiment 1, a group gaining power elicited greater ambivalence than a group losing power, regardless of the valence
of the group’s goal. Importantly, the conditions that evoked ambivalence did not inhibit behavioral support. Experiment 2
found that a new group elicited more ambivalence than an established group when pursuing a positive goal. Consistent with
theories emphasizing maintenance of the status quo, these findings demonstrate that attitudes toward activist groups do not
derive solely from self-interest.
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12.
This paper aims at assessing the magnitude of R&D spillover effects on large international R&D companies’ productivity growth.
In particular, we investigate the extent to which R&D spillover effects are intensified by both geographic and technological
proximities between spillover generating and receiving firms. We also control for the firm’s ability to identify, assimilate
and absorb the external knowledge stock. The results estimated by means of panel data econometric methods (system GMM) indicate
a positive and significant impact of both types of R&D spillovers and of absorptive capacity on productivity performance.
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13.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
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15.
The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling concerning suggestive eyewitness identification procedures ( Manson v. Braithwaite, 1977, 432 U.S. 98) has not been revisited by the Court in the intervening 30+ years. Meanwhile, scientific studies of eyewitnesses
have progressed and DNA exonerations show that mistaken identification is the primary cause of convictions of the innocent.
We analyzed the two-inquiry logic in Manson in light of eyewitness science. Several problems are discussed. Ironically, we note that suggestive identification procedures
(determined in the first inquiry) boost the eyewitnesses’ standing on three of the five criteria (used in the second inquiry)
that are used to decide whether the suggestive procedures were a problem. The net effect undermines safeguards intended by
the Court and destroys incentives to avoid suggestive procedures.
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16.
There is something intuitively correct about singling out emergency workers for legal protection, and for criminalizing not
just assault, but obstruction. Moreover, at least one sophisticated theory of right and wrong – Scanlon’s—indicates some deep
reasons for endorsing these intuitions. After applying Scanlon’s theory in the relevant way, I want to argue that the same
grounds it provides for recent Scottish legislation and UK sentencing guidelines can also be given for punishing more seriously
offences that current English law trivialises.
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17.
The promise of experimental criminology is finding ways to reduce harm from crime and injustice. The problem of experimental criminology is that so few experiments produce evidence of big effects from the interventions they test.
One solution to this problem may be concentrating scarce resources for experiments on the “power few:” the small percentage
of places, victims, offenders, police officers or other units in any distribution of crime or injustice which produces the
greatest amount of harm. By increasing the homogeneity and base rates of the samples enrolled in each experiment, the power
few hypothesis predicts increased statistical power to detect program effects. With greater investment of resources, and possibly
less variant responses to greater dosages of intervention—especially interventions of support, as distinct from punishment—we
may also increase our chances of finding politically acceptable interventions that will work.
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18.
This is a slightly revised text of Jeffrie G. Murphy’s Presidential Address delivered to the American Philosophical Association, Pacific Division, in March 2006. In the essay the author reconsiders two positions he had previously defended—the liberal attack on legal moralism and robust versions of the retributive theory of punishment—and now finds these positions much more vulnerable to legitimate attack than he had previously realized. In the first part of the essay, he argues that the use of Mill’s liberal harm principle against legal moralism cannot be cabined in such a way as to leave intact other positions that many liberals want to defend—in particular, certain fundamental constitutional rights and character retributivism in criminal sentencing. In the second part of the essay, he expresses serious doubts—some inspired by Nietzsche—about the versions of character retributivism that he had once enthusiastically defended and now describes himself as no more than a “reluctant retributivist.” 相似文献
19.
Personality disorder features have been an important basis of many batterer typologies (Babcock et al. J Fam Violence 15:391–409,
2000; Holtzworth-Munroe and Stuart Psychol Bull 116:476–497, 1994), most notably Antisocial and Borderline Personality Disorders. Aggression that partner violent men commit has also been
found to be heterogeneous, motivated by the need to control (proactive) or enacted out of emotion (reactive). In the present
study, men who were physically abusive towards their female partner ( N = 124 couples) were administered the SCID-II diagnostic interview for Antisocial (ASPD) and Borderline Personality Disorder
(BPD). It was hypothesized that partner violent men diagnosed with ASPD would show highest levels of proactive violence whereas
men diagnosed with BPD (alone or comorbidly with ASPD) were expected to be reactively violent. Results suggest that violence
perpetrated by men with different personality disorders differs in its function. Within the context of intimate relationships,
BPD/comorbid men appear to use violence more reactively, while ASPD men tend to use violence both proactively and reactively.
Implications for treatment are discussed.
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20.
Two studies explored Dion and Dion’s ( Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 775–780, 1987) suggestion that the belief in a just world may contribute to the “beauty is good” stereotype. In Study 1, we found that
participants rated the death of a woman as more tragic and unfair when she was physically attractive than less attractive.
Participants were also more punitive towards agents of harm when the victim was physically attractive. In Study 2, we varied
the extent to which a woman suffered from a house fire and asked participants to later recognize the woman’s picture among
several choices varying in physical attractiveness. Participants who learned that the woman suffered a great deal remembered
her to be less physically attractive than when her suffering was minimal. The results are discussed in terms of how the justice
motive contributes to the evaluative and moral importance attached to physical attractiveness.
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