Unmanned aircraft systems: Surveillance,ethics and privacy in civil applications

This paper examines how the use of unmanned aircraft systems (UASs) for surveillance in civil applications impacts upon privacy and other civil liberties. It argues that, despite the heterogeneity of these systems, the same “usual suspects” – the poor, people of colour and anti-government protesters – are targeted by UAS deployments. It discusses how current privacy-related legislation in the US, UK and European Union might apply to UASs. We find that current regulatory mechanisms do not adequately address privacy and civil liberties concerns because UASs are complex, multimodal surveillance systems that integrate a range of technologies and capabilities. The paper argues for a combination of top-down, legislated requirements and bottom-up impact assessments to adequately address privacy and civil liberties.     

A forensic visual aid: Traces versus knowledge

In this paper, I introduce the Forensic Field Map (FFM) that provides a two-dimensional view on the forensic field. This field is by definition very broad, encompassing a wide range of scientific areas and activities. The forensic work that supports solving criminal cases ranges from recognizing and preserving traces at crime scenes to explaining forensic results as expert witness in court. This goes hand in hand with the development of scientifically based methods and tooling as well as legal, forensic and laboratory procedures. Although the FFM came into being while developing a (visual) framework for digital forensic investigations, the framework turned out to be generically applicable to other forensic disciplines.     

道路交通事故颅脑损伤的法医学鉴定

目的　研究道路交通事故中颅脑损伤的类型、特点、主要并发症及其受伤人员的伤残评定。方法　 862例道路交通事故颅脑损伤的案例资料 ,按伤者受伤的不同部位、有无并发症、并发症的类型及伤残程度进行统计分析。结果　复合性颅脑损伤 2 76例 ,脑挫伤 192例 ,颅骨骨折 79例 ,颅内出血 91例 ,头皮外伤 2 2 4例 ;主要并发症为脑积水 ( 19例 ,2 2 0 % )、癫痫 ( 16例 ,1 86% )、偏瘫 ( 14例 ,1 62 % )、植物人状态 ( 12例 ,1 3 9% )。结论　道路交通事故中颅脑损伤 ,以头部复合性损伤最多见 ,严重的脑挫伤为最常见的损伤类型 ,并发症的诊断应掌握诊断标准 ,并注意与相关疾病鉴别。     

The survival of oral streptococci on human skin and its implication in bite-mark investigation

Ten-microlitre aliquots of whole saliva applied to human skin were sampled for periods up to 6.25 h. The rate of loss of recoverable bacteria was 45–50% per hour. After 6.25 h, viable oral streptococci could be recovered. The implications for using a “fingerprint” typing method for these bacteria with regard to the identification of bite-marks are discussed.     

再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的案例分析

剖析再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的发生原因、鉴定注意事项及预防措施等 ,妥善地处理该类复杂案件。对 18例再次法医解剖及组织病理学检查的案件进行回顾性研究 ,按首次尸检方式及印象、尸检次数、再次尸检原因及方式、间隔时间及结论等归类、分析。较多见死于医疗纠纷 3例 ( 16 7% )、案件审查过程中 4例 ( 2 2 2 % ) ;首次尸检中 13例 ( 72 2 % )仅进行尸表检查或不完全解剖 ;再次尸检结论与首次尸检结论完全不符者 5例( 2 7 8% )。首次解剖的标准化与规范化及继续教育 ,不断提高法医病理学诊断水平 ,改善法医尸检的工作环境等对预防再次尸检的发生很有必要     

Nature and place of crime scene management within forensic sciences

This short paper presents the preliminary results of a recent study aimed at appreciating the relevant parameters required to qualify forensic science as a science through an epistemological analysis. The reader is invited to reflect upon references within a historical and logical framework which assert that forensic science is based upon two fundamental principles (those of Locard and Kirk). The basis of the assertion that forensic science is indeed a science should be appreciated not only on one epistemological criteria (as Popper's falsification raised by the Daubert hearing was), but also on the logical frameworks used by the individuals involved (investigator, expert witness and trier of fact) from the crime scene examination to the final interpretation of the evidence. Hence, it can be argued that the management of the crime scene should be integrated into the scientific way of thinking rather than remain as a technical discipline as recently suggested by Harrison.     

车辆轨迹侦查

机动车的普及使得以机动车为交通工具或侵害目标的犯罪增加。对于涉车犯罪案件,通过车辆可识别特征对车辆进行追踪和认定,在此基础上进行车辆轨迹侦查有其现实必要性。从现场勘查、视频监控、交通违章、治安卡口等多方面可以获得车辆轨迹侦查的情报。车辆轨迹侦查的目标包括查清真实车牌、分析行驶轨迹、判断活动范围、查明附加特征、获取人员体貌以及关联其他轨迹等。探讨车辆轨迹侦查“从车到人”、多维轨迹拓展、“车案碰撞”串并案件侦查等三种侦查模式在侦查工作中的应用。     

Civilian uses of unmanned aerial vehicles and the threat to the right to privacy – An Israeli case study

In recent years we have witnessed a growing demand for the use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (“UAVs”) in civilian contexts. Government authorities (such as law enforcement agencies), corporations and private individuals have identified the advantages inherent in the use of UAVs. At the same time, corporations marketing and manufacturing UAVs for civilian purposes, and the industries that support these manufacturers, have identified the enormous economic potential which may be derived from the sale and maintenance of UAVs (and the cameras and other equipment assembled into them). Hence, in the coming years, we will undoubtedly witness a rapid expansion of the civilian use of UAVs.     

外伤性视神经损伤的法医学鉴定

目的 探讨外伤性视神经损伤的特点及其法医学鉴定的要点。方法 对40例视神经损伤的法医学鉴定案例进行回顾性研究,所有案例均进行眼科常规检查及眼电生理(VEP)检查,视力接近正常或正常者进行视野检查。结果视神经损伤在眼外伤中占13.84％,多并发于颅脑损伤(65％),交通肇事致伤67.50％。伤者多表现为明显的视功能障碍(67.50％)。LED-VEP检查表现为潜伏期延长和/或波幅降低,严重者为切迹波甚至无波;视盘色淡或苍白,90.00％瞳孔对光反射异常。结论 外伤后,LED-VEP异常、眼底视盘改变、瞳孔对光反射,以及视野异常是判定视神经损伤的主要指标。     

The final destination: Incorporating ‘Death by GPS’ into forensic and legal sciences

This article seeks to give visibility to a growing program: Motorists who set out for travel following directions from their GPS device and never return. These occurrences have gained the moniker ‘Death by GPS’. From giving incorrect directions, to taking motorists to isolated areas, to directing motorists into unsafe neighborhoods, GPS technology has led several people into catastrophic scenarios. This article is split into two sections. In the first section, the varying causes of Death by GPS are examined, alongside notable cases. In the second section, as Death by GPS is understudied in forensic science and legal spaces, the author explores the societal and scientific benefits of filling this gap. Relying on relevant collision figures, cultural trends, death science, legal studies, and ethics literature, this article produces groundwork on the growing issue of Death by GPS and identifies areas for future exploration.     

论"法外侦查"制度

我国法定侦查制度与法外侦查制度并行,侦查法治主义的大趋势与法外侦查合理主义的潜流共存。"法外侦查"制度,即侦查法律之外,有侦查政策与制度,有侦查主体、侦查程序、侦查手段、侦查目的,法外侦查侵权不负法律责任。"法外侦查"制度存在"相对合理性",但是,它毕竟与侦查法治主义及其发展趋势格格不入,弊害越来越多、越来越深,必须革除。