构建“和谐世界”：中国外交战略的新理念

2005年9月,胡锦涛向全世界提出"建设一个持久和平、共同繁荣的和谐世界"的战略构想.和谐世界是人类社会发展的理想目标.构建和谐世界的思想是与新中国建立以来几代中国领导人的外交战略思想一脉相承的,是对新中国外交战略思想的继承与发展.构建和谐世界思想已成为当前中国外交的一个新理念和新的战略目标.这一思想无论是在理论领域丰富和发展中国外交战略思想,还是在维护世界和平、促进共同发展、改善和发展中国对外关系等实践中都具有非常重要的战略意义.     

Building ‘healthy happy family units’: Aileen Fitzpatrick and reuniting children separated by the Greek Civil War with their families in Australia, 1949–1954

Abstract

This article explores the efforts by Aileen Fitzpatrick, the Australian social worker, who repatriated child refugees from Greece at the height of the Greek Civil War, to reconstruct ‘healthy, happy family units’. I explore several themes. First, Fitzpatrick’s argument for the unification of families echoed the view that the family unit represented democracy and freedom in the post-war period. Second, an appeal to reuniting family became a successful strategy for crossing cold war lines when dealing with several governments. Third, for Fitzpatrick child saving from war and reuniting families was perceived to be essential to democracy, humanitarianism and internationalism. Finally, by taking a biographical approach, the details of the experience of family emerge in new ways. A focus on Fitzpatrick’s strategies suggests family rhetoric could be used to both promote and yet also cross cold war lines. More broadly, this article seeks to embed the history of the family within the general history of the post-war period as a way of highlighting how the ideal of the family was mobilised in rhetoric on freedom, democracy and the future and which in practice revealed the severe challenges facing families after the war.     

论现代国际关系理论与国际法研究的三次联结及其影响

自现代国际关系理论产生以来,与国际法研究的联结已有三次,均对国际法理论与实践的发展产生很大影响。一战后国际法的繁荣与理想主义对其的重视紧密相关。而在冷战时期现实主义占据国际关系理论与实践的主流的情势下,国际关系理论与国际法研究一度疏远,直到20世纪80年代国际机制理论的兴起才重新拾起这种联结纽带,并为国际法晚近的发展构建了合理性基础。在全球化迅猛发展的背景下兴起的建构主义实现了两个学科的第三次联结,并对国际法的理论与实践产生积极影响。     

知识产权制度国际化趋势下之冷思考

在发达国家的引导和产业利益驱动下,知识产权的国际保护朝着纵深纵广发展。尤其是TRIPS协议的产生,喻示着知识产权国际保护重心的转移。知识产权直接与贸易挂钩,使知识产权保护更具强制力。然而不容忽视的是,这种高标准的发展趋势是建立在对发展中国家发展空间不合理的抑制的基础上的。这一发展态势实际上是南北国家利益冲突和妥协的结果。构筑知识产权国际制度的利益平衡机制,有必要对现行制度进行反思。     

试析1937-1941年的中苏关系

抗战时期,中苏两国的国际地位和实力的差异,决定了苏联对华政策在双边关系中发挥主导作用。随着国际局势的变化,苏联对外战略的演变直接影响两国关系的发展。当苏联战略需要与中国利益一致时,苏联大力援助中国的抗战事业,两国关系就能顺利发展。而当苏联的战略需要背离中国利益时,苏联外交的大国主义作法则越发明显,甚至为了确保自身的安全而牺牲中国利益。因此,在时局发生剧变之时,中苏对外战略重心的转移使得两国关系不可避免地趋于冷淡。     

Climate change and the credibility of international commitments: What is necessary for the U.S. to deliver on such commitments?

The engagement of the United States is critical to the success of any international effort against global climate change. Although international climate efforts require long-lasting, credible commitments by participating countries, risk of failure to deliver on such commitments rises with the degree of gap that the domestic institutions permit between the executive and the legislature. The U.S. withdrawal from the Kyoto Protocol indicated that the Clinton administration’s effort to bring international solutions into the domestic arena before domestic consensus was obtained was counterproductive. The congressional politics over budgetary allocation regarding the Bush administration’s technology policies showed that general preference to a technology-oriented approach to climate change alone did not ensure the credibility of international commitments. These cases revealed that the U.S. climate diplomacy was lacking in domestic institutional mechanisms that bring the executive branch’s deal at international negotiations, and the legislators’ preferences at home, closer together. For the U.S. to take leadership in international climate cooperation, domestic institutional frameworks which reconcile the interests of the two branches are necessary. This paper suggests that such domestic institutional frameworks feature two components: regular channels of communication between the two political branches; and, incentive mechanisms for the two branches to swiftly come to terms with each other.

Digital identity – From emergent legal concept to new reality

Over the past decade, digital identity has gone from a largely unrecognized emergent legal concept to something that is now well known, but still not fully understood. Most individuals now know that they have a digital identity but its legal nature, its transactional functions, and its implications now and for the future, are not generally well understood.This article tracks the emergence of digital identity from the time it was recognized as a new legal and commercial concept to the present time; and outlines its impact and significance for individuals, governments, the private sector and even what is means to be a nation and a citizen in the digital era. The author recounts her experience in recognizing the implications of digital identity in 2006 to its current importance and the implications of future evolutions including an international digital identity, the groundwork for which is being laid now.     

国际人道法的定义

国际法学界对“国际人道法”的定义存在着不同的理解 ,但其法律概念和特征都应当是一致的。狭义的国际人道法学说 ,片面地强调国际人道法与战争法的区别 ,并将它作为单独的法律体系 ;而广义的国际人道法学说 ,则把国际人道法与战争法融为一体 ;两种学说都有理论缺陷。国际人道法是战争法的一个组成部分 ,其与战争法的关系 ,既有联系又有区别 ,二者是辩证统一的     

PERFORMING ARTS MANAGEMENT AND ADMINISTRATION

The aim of this article is to analyze the impact of EU cultural policies on a EUropean (capitalized "EU" meaning only EU member states) cultural identity. Although EUropean integration began as an economic project, the EU has developed more and more statelike features over time and has brought the question of democratization to the fore. Such questions, in turn, led to questions of what constitutes the EUropean demos and how to conceive of its collective identity. The EUropean identity has developed in addition and as a complement to the national identities of the member states. The article argues for EU cultural policies that foster plural, multiple, and dynamic identities instead of a unified EUropean identity. The EUropean cultural policies should not be based on assumed common roots expressed in the cultural heritage of Europe, but rather should focus on contemporary and critical cultural and artistic expressions.     

国际法上的大国问题

大国问题是国际法实践中的一个老问题。近年来,国际关系民主化与国际法治成为日益重要的国际议程,一批新兴大国也正在崛起,这些新发展既为处理大国问题提供了历史机遇,也使得处理这一问题变得更为复杂,具有鲜明的时代特点。大国问题涉及大国拥有与作为国际法基础的主权平等原则相冲突的法律特权,但法律特权并非是导致大国问题的惟一原因;被赋予法律特权的大国应当承担特殊的法律义务,但获得法律特权并非是大国承担特殊义务,包括特殊法律义务的惟一依据。为了有效约束大国的行动,国际社会一方面应当限制大国可以获得的特权、强化大国应当承担的特殊义务尤其法律义务,另一方面应当寻求建立监督大国依法善意行使特权、履行义务的程序法机制。     

Expressive Logic: A New Premise in Arts Advocacy

This article traces the origins of cultural management education in Europe and explores trends in the development of educational and training programs in the field. The article then assesses the role of international organizations and networks active in the sphere of culture and education and in stimulating growth of the sector. Finally, the article outlines current EU policies that affect the way education and training or cultural management may develop in European countries.     

国际法发展进程中的“观念”及其影响途径

在国际法的发展进程中,"观念"不仅是客观存在的,而且起到了至关重要的影响。不过,在国际法的研究中,以理性主义为认识论的主流学派,并没有对此做出过系统性分析。这正是主流国际法学本身的一个重大缺漏。研究表明,诸如"世界观"、"原则化观念"以及"因果信念"等在国际法的发展进程中,起到了"路线图"、"黏合剂",以及"制度化"等方面的影响。     

国际民事诉讼管辖权与国际商事仲裁管辖权之比较

国际民事诉讼管辖权与国际商事仲裁管辖权是并行的两种解决国际民商事争议的制度,两者既有共同之处,亦存在着很多差异。为了厘清国际民事诉讼管辖权与国际商事仲裁管辖权之间的关系,本文从多个角度对两者的联系、区别及其冲突与协调三个方面进行了探讨。     

自由主义国际法学:一种“自下而上”对国际法分析的理论

从本源看,国际关系与国际法之间联系紧密,在学科发展上国际关系理论与国际法学相互依托、互相促进。斯劳特的自由主义国际法学,正是一种渊源于自由主义国际关系理论,并将国际关系理论与国际法学紧密结合在一起的新研究范式。在这种范式里,最引人注目的是其尝试为国际法学开辟一条自下而上的研究路径。无疑,这是对长期以来依赖自上而下的国际法传统研究路径的一个很好的弥补,也为当代跨国法的研究提供了良好的分析框架。当然,自由主义国际法学存在的不足也必须引起我们的注意。     

“双赢”:处理国际关系的新原则

“双赢”是近年来出现的一个新名词 ,它的问世立即引起国内外人士的极大关注 ,并将成为当前处理国际关系的一个重要原则。双赢的产生既是当前世界经济全球化发展的客观反映 ,也是平等互利原则在新形势下的不断深化与发展的结果。双赢原则的实施与运用将有助于协调南北之间的经济矛盾 ,有助于推动国际经济技术的合作与交流 ,有助于巩固 2 1世纪各种形式的战略伙伴关系     

和平共处五项原则推动着当今国际法的发展——兼论和平共处五项原则的地位和作用

尽管国际关系经历各种风云变幻,而和平共处五项原则却经受住了严峻的考验,显示出强大的生命力。不仅构成现代国际法的基本原则,而且为国际法的进一步发展奠定了基础,成为当代国际法的基础。     

国际海事委员会和国际海事组织的立法工作比较研究

国际海事委员会和国际海事组织自成立起一直致力于统一各国海商法的工作。在简要介绍二者的组织结构和有关活动的基础上,对其相关领域的国际立法进行了详细的比较分析,指出具有“私法性”特征的国际海事委员会规则和具有“公法性”特征的国际海事组织公约的海事立法的国际趋同化特征将会进一步增强。