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1.
This paper uses a unique data set constructed from two sets of administrative records to examine the relationship between
incarceration and employment rates for former female state prisoners from Illinois. Our analysis indicates that although prison
is associated with declining employment rates during the quarters leading up to women’s incarcerations, it does not appear
to harm their employment prospects later on. In the short-term, we estimate that women’s post-prison employment rates are
about 4 percentage points above expected levels. However, these employment gains do not persist and gradually fall back to
pre-prison levels. These results indicate that time out of the work force is not a cost associated with incarcerating women.
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2.
A large body of evidence suggests that financial development is greater in countries that impose stricter regulatory requirements
on their major stock exchanges, but this leaves open the question of whether or not such regulation should be uniformly applied
to all equity trading platforms within a country. On the one hand, regulatory variation permits a wider choice of investment opportunities for investors, lowers
the cost of capital for some firms, and enhances price discovery and efficiency. On the other hand, the presence of lightly
regulated exchanges can potentially have adverse spillover implications for a country’s other financial markets.
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3.
This paper examines structural change in Russia’s transition in 1990–2002 as measured by the changing composition of output,
employment, and end use of GDP. Using an international panel data sets as a frame of reference, it calculates a series of
indexes to determine the extent to which the Russian economy is converging towards market economies in the course of market
transformation. Our methodology lets us analyze the changes in the structural profile of the economy using the entirety of
the available data rather than individual performance indicators. We find that Russia has become structurally similar to the
benchmark market economies in the upper-middle income group and the lower tier of high-income countries. At the same time,
the extent of labor reallocation remains inadequate and Russia’s pattern of consumption remains distorted due to the incomplete
price liberalization.
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4.
Among various kinds of corruption in China, corruption of the First-in-Command (FIC) is most pernicious, threatening the legitimacy
of the Chinese Communist Party and the stability of the state. This paper examines several specific institutional arrangements
under China’s current political structure, including the people’s congress, the ruling party system, and the collective leadership
team system, to see how they have contributed to power overconcentration in the hands of FICs. This is done in a two-round
process: first through the collective leadership team and then by the gestating decision-making rule. The paper also assesses
four institutional innovations designed to prevent FIC corruption.
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5.
Corruption is a serious and enduring problem in Turkey. As such, a series of sustained and synchronized actions are needed
to promote integrity, and to prevent and punish corrupt practices in public life. In most recent years, subsequent cabinets
have promulgated a set of laws, regulations, and measures in the name of fighting against corruption. Yet, building a clean
government remains as a daunting, if not insurmountable, task for policy makers and the public at large in Turkey. The current
paper begins with a brief introduction, summarizing the need for new, more effective anti-corruption policies and practices
in the country. Then, it succinctly describes and assesses the main ‘pillars’ of the ‘national integrity system.’ The paper
moves on to identify and evaluate the chief ‘perils,’ challenges and risks associated with efforts aiming to contribute to
integrity, transparency and accountability in Turkish society. Finally, the paper discusses the ‘prospects’ for building a
clean government in Turkey in the near future. Among the issues brought to the present debate are: the need for a credible
commitment by the ruling elites for establishing a well-functioning integrity regime; effective coordination and collaboration
among a wide range of institutional actors; developing a set of coherent principles and policies; and creating capacity to
prevent, prosecute, and punish corrupt behaviors. It is also argued that building a clean government in Turkey requires a
strong and sustainable coalition among the clean, the competent, and the competitive.
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6.
This paper describes the UK’s anti-money laundering and asset recovery laws and the aims and objectives behind the regime
since the introduction of the Proceeds of Crime Act in 2002. It then evaluates the regime in terms of the amount of criminal
assets recovered, its application against organised crime and its impact upon the price of illegal drugs.
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7.
In many countries around the world, governmental authorities control the market entry of new providers of higher educational
services. By means of ex-ante licensing in the higher education sector, government ensures that students are only confronted
with academic programs and institutions that at least meet certain minimum quality standards. This quality-assuring intervention
by government may be taken for granted. From an economic viewpoint, however, it seems worthwhile to scrutinize the regulatory
status quo. In order to rethink existing licensing arrangements’ raison d’être, the present paper addresses the question whether governmental market entry control in the higher education industry is necessary
at all.
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8.
This article provides the background to an international project on use of force by the police that was carried out in seven
countries. Force is often considered to be the defining characteristic of policing and much research has been conducted on
the determinants, prevalence and control of the use of force, particularly in the United States. However, little work has
looked at police officers’ own views on the use of force, in particular the way in which they justify it. Using a hypothetical
encounter developed for this project, researchers in each country conducted focus groups with police officers in which they
were encouraged to talk about the use of force. The results show interesting similarities and differences across countries
and demonstrate the value of using this kind of research focus and methodology.
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9.
Since the end of the Cold War, ministries of defence in Europe and the United States have sought new models for the management
of government defence research laboratories. The United Kingdom’s reform and subsequent privatisation of its government defence
research establishments (GDREs) represents one of the most radical policy responses. This paper considers the UK case through
the lens of innovation systems theory and uses defence labs reform to examine the impact of organisational change on the dynamics
of an innovation system. The potential policy implications for the management of government defence research laboratories
are also considered.
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10.
The present essay analyses Athenian finances during the fourth century BC, the ‘Age of Demosthenes’, from both the revenue
and expenditure points of view. It examines how Athenians practiced the concept of ‘economic democracy’ on matters of public
choice, and the sometimes ingenious solutions they adopted for financing public goods such as defense, education and ‘social
security’. Ancient Athens, the ‘prototype’ political democracy, was advanced also in matters of public administration, finance
and institutions, on which political democracy was based and without their smooth running could not have functioned.
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11.
This article examines the media reportage of white-collar crimes, organised crimes and cybercrimes, principally in the British
but also in the US media. It illustrates the ways in which different newspapers depict crime seriousness and how some defendants
adapt to these portrayals. It examines competing explanatory models and suggests that although reportage has an ideological
component, ‘news values’ and production pressures as well as ‘action triggers’ such as prosecutions or regulatory interventions
are important.
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12.
This commentary on Michael Cahill’s Grading Arson argues that Cahill’s analysis inevitably leads to three possible conclusions. First, arson does not belong in criminal codes.
Second, crimes of manner do not belong in criminal codes. And, third, the special part needs serious reconsideration. Although
Cahill is reticent to draw any of these conclusions, this commentary urges Cahill to embrace all three.
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13.
Considering earlier research into police use of force as well as the judicial and practical frame of police work in Germany,
the article presents the results of an empirical study on the individual and collective legitimization of the use of force
by German police officers. There are numerous justifications for the use of force expressed by focus group participants in
eight German Federal States who were responding to a hypothesized scenario. In the discussions observed within the groups,
reference is first made to the state’s duty to prosecute alleged offences and the measures or formal actions to do this—hence,
the legal authority to use force. In the course of the discussions, however, it became obvious that illegal violence may occur,
although it was not perceived as such by the officers. Overall, and after an intensive analysis of the focus group discussions,
it can be stated that use of force (whether legal or not) depends on the police officer’s perception of the resistance of
the person being engaged with. In this regard, different social–cultural or physical–material factors can be identified. They
have different influences on the individual legitimization of police actions, intertwined with the perception of the situation
as constructed by the officer. Three ways of perceiving the situation can be deduced, resulting in different patterns of justification
for the use of force.
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14.
This paper examines the role of the target-based responsibility system for building upright Party style and clean government
in combating corruption in local China. It argues that the effectiveness of the target-based responsibility system in corruption
control is compromised by a number of implementation hurdles in practice. Based on a close examination of one county, Shaanxi
Province in the northwest China, this study shows that low measurability of the targets, the conflict between anti-corruption
work and other evaluation targets, and the impact of patronage politics account for the implementation failure of the target-based
responsibility system. The fundamental problem lies in that under China’s unified cadre personnel management system, political
will can interfere with the handling of corruption on a case-by-case basis, no matter what kind of anti-corruption mechanism
is employed. Under this context, the adoption of the target-based responsibility system in fighting corruption results in
nothing more than “pouring old wine into new bottles.”
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15.
The only way of entering the world of ‘fragmented law’ (or ‘societal constitutionalism’) is arguably to make normative fragmentation
correspond with constituent excess. As Foucault would say, once we are involved in an ‘epistemic crisis’, we must then modify
those systems that organise knowledge in conjunction with the very forms that produce it. This contribution considers some
privileged forms of critique and reconstruction beyond normative fragmentation and essentially argues in favour of governance
dynamics, as well as for ontological devices engaged in the production of subjectivity.
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16.
Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement requires governments to treat foreign investors the same as domestic
investors, to afford them international standards of due process of law, and to compensate investors for any actions that
expropriate their investments or are “tantamount” to expropriation. It allows foreign investors to submit compensation claims
to international arbitration. To the alarm of the environmental community, four of the early Chapter 11 claims involved challenges
to government measures that were, or appeared to be, environmental protection measures. The first three of the four claimants
ultimately received compensation; the fourth claim was denied as being outside the scope of Chapter 11. This paper takes an
in-depth look at the circumstances of these four claims to determine whether the claimants had thwarted or avoided bona fide
environmental protection measures and to try to assess whether these claims have “chilled” government imposition of new environmental
measures. The facts of the cases and developments subsequently indicate that the government actions in the first three cases
were not truly environmental protection measures, but were motivated by local political and economic considerations. The fourth
claim, which involved a bona fide environmental protection, was rightly rejected. Meanwhile the number of “environmental”
claims under Chapter 11 has dwindled. The paper concludes that environmentalists have little ground for alarm, and much reason
to be encouraged, about how Chapter 11 has influenced environmental protection.
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17.
We ask whether informal interactions between university and industry scientists result in collaborative research. Using data
from a national survey of tenured and tenure-track scientists and engineers in U.S. research extensive universities, we demonstrate
that university scientists’ informal interactions with private sector companies increase both the likelihood and intensity
of collaborative research with industry.
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18.
Following the economic liberalization of 1991, the government of India established the software technology parks of India
(STPI) scheme and opened numerous software parks around the country. These parks have played a critical role in the growth
of India’s software sector. In recent years, private software parks have also been established in different parts of India.
The government of India is now promoting biotechnology (biotech) parks to encourage growth of this emerging sector. The biotech
parks are still in their infancy with a few operating parks. There are several upcoming biotech parks in different Indian
states with support from the respective state governments. The government of India continues to play an important role in
establishing technology parks. Biotech-Information Technology (Bio-IT) park is the next type of park that the government is
planning to promote. This article discusses the institutional history of these technology parks in India.
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19.
This paper explores the under-researched topic of young people’s attitudes towards police in two studies using structural
equation modelling. The first study examines the influence of police legitimacy on the willingness of young people to assist
police. The second study examines the impact of informal contact with police during a community policing project on young
people’s willingness to assist police. Findings show that young people who view police as legitimate are more willing to assist
police. Participation in the community policing project had a significant and positive influence on young people’s willingness
to assist police independent of young people’s attitudes about police legitimacy.
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20.
Using social network analysis (SNA), we propose a model for targeting criminal networks. The model we present here is a revised
version of our existing model (Schwartz and Rouselle in IALEIA Journal, 18(1):18–14, 2008), which itself builds on Steve Borgatti’s SNA-based key player approach. Whereas Borgatti’s approach focuses solely on actors’
network positions, our model also incorporates the relative strength or potency of actors, as well as the strength of the
relationships binding network actors.
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