Boiling point measurement of a small amount of brake fluid by thermocouple and its application

This study describes a new method for measuring the boiling point of a small amount of brake fluid using a thermocouple and a pear shaped flask. The boiling point of brake fluid was directly measured with an accuracy that was within approximately 3 C of that determined by the Japanese Industrial Standards method, even though the sample volume was only a few milliliters. The method was applied to measure the boiling points of brake fluid samples from automobiles. It was clear that the boiling points of brake fluid from some automobiles dropped to approximately 140 C from about 230 C, and that one of the samples from the wheel cylinder was approximately 45 C lower than brake fluid from the reserve tank. It is essential to take samples from the wheel cylinder, as this is most easily subjected to heating.     

对因车辆制动引起现场痕迹变化的初步研究

针对因车辆制动而使交通事故现场的痕迹发生变化这一现象,运用痕迹学、力学原理,分析引起变化的机理、原因,探讨了痕迹的形状、高度等变化与车速、事故过程的关系,推导出运用轮胎制动印长度计算车速的公式,以帮助事故现场勘查人员运用这种变化了的痕迹来正确分析事故发生过程,以正确确定事故责任。     

磨砺“权力制衡”之剑——试论行政监督中的以权制权

行政监督的实质就是权力对权力的制约，就是居于优势地位的权力对相对弱小的或起码平行的权力主体的约束。因此，行政监督的效能如何，关键取决于行政监督系统能否具有独立的、位高权重的地位。本文在借鉴了中国古代和西方国家行政监督可资借鉴的成功经验的基础上，在客观的剖析了我国现行行政监督体制中存在的诸多问题的基础，提出了在经济全球化和社会主义市场经济条件下构建强有力的行政监督体制的对策和设想。     

土壤污染治理责任溯及力研究

如果土壤污染由过去的活动造成,污染发生于法律实施前,而污染状态持续至法律实施后,追究新法生效前的污染者或其他潜在责任者的污染土壤治理或修复责任,就会构成新法的真正、不利、强式溯及。土壤污染治理公共利益的重大性、紧迫性使得这种溯及具有正当性。但是,为了防止全面溯及过于严苛,损害责任者基于对原法律秩序的信赖而产生的利益,并防止人们对法产生反感,进而增加执法和司法成本,有必要设定一些缓冲机制,以寻求法的安定性和社会变动性之间的巧妙平衡。     

Chemical Contamination of Soft Drinks in Sealed Plastic Bottles by Environmental Stress Cracking

Abstract:  A contamination of soft drinks in sealed bottles by organic solvents is reported: closed bottles full of soft drinks were accidentally placed on a cardboard soaked with thinner and the organic fluid subsequently fissured the bottom of the bottles and penetrated into the soft drinks without any apparent leakage of the soft drinks. Experiments were carried out to simulate the process: the penetration of different organic solvents into soft drinks through the bottom of closed bottles was tested. The penetration occurred only when the closed bottles contained carbonated soft drinks (CSD), indicating that inner pressure is a necessary condition for the fissuring of the bottles. This paper discusses environmental stress cracking of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles by organic solvents and migration of chemicals to CSD. Experiments were conducted to determine the conditions in which PET can be permeable to poisoning organic products.     

Suicide by a power drill

This is the report of a 62-year-old man who committed suicide by drilling through his anterior chest wall with an electric power drill. Death was caused by pericardial tamponade combined with bleeding into the pleural cavity. The skin lesion at the left hemithorax was similar to a bullet entrance wound.     

对行政机关滥用职权的司法审查

Through the analysis on three typical cases, it is believed why courts rarely make judgments directly based on the review criteria of“abuse of power” pursuant to article 54 of the Administrative Litigation Law is mostly that the relevant legal provisions are not clear. Besides, in hearings, judges are more inclined to use“conversion techniques”. Meanwhile, it is further revealed of the issues existing in the substantive review of courts. Yu Lingyun is a professor of law at Tsinghua University, Beijing. His main researches include administrative discretion, legitimate expectation, administrative contract, law enforcement, case method and police law. He has released a number of articles, such as Legitimate expectation in administrative law (2003), Pseudo-contract in administrative law (2001), Remedial system of administrative contract (1998), Legitimate expectation in administrative guidance (2007), The construction and development of special administrative law (2006), The scope of judicial review in the administrative litigation law (1992), Experts consultation in government rule-making (1995), Reflection on administrative coercive execution (1998), Compatibility of administrative contract to the characteristics of administrative law (1998), On investigation in resident permission system (1998), The rule of law and administrative contract (1998). His monographs include Administrative Contract (Renmin University of China Press, 2000), Administrative Discretion (China People’s Public Security University Press, 2005), Preventing and Remedies of the Abuse of Police Power (China People’s Public Security University Press, 2002).     

Cervical airway injuries as a result of impact with steering wheel rim

Motor vehicle occupants may suffer severe cervical airway injuries as the result of impaction with the steering wheel, dashboard, windshield, backseat, and seat belt. Although the steering column is well recognized as a general site of injury infliction, less attention has been directed to components which may be the actual focal point of contact, such as the steering wheel rim. Two cases of cervical airway injury as a result of impact with the steering wheel rim are presented, including one instance of complete laryngotracheal transection. Correlation of injury with crash and postcrash sequences as well as the damaged vehicle will often provide excellent crash injury reconstruction.     

以权利制约权力的思考

以权利制约权力体现了政治文明的新发展。它实现了制约力量的对等性;体现了对少数人权利的尊重与保护;是法治精神的完整体现。以权利制约权力表现为消极制约和积极制约两种形式。而要有效地实现以权利制约权力,需要通过以下两个途径:一是细化个体权利主体的权利,形成权利群制约权力;二是权利主体之间的权利联合,形成权利群制约权力。     

论依法执政的科学内涵

依法执政是一个由一系列相关理论、原则、理念、制度、实践等组成的有机整体。坚持依法执政是践行宪法和党章的应有之义,是改革和完善党的执政方式的重要途径,是实行依法治国的核心,是依法治国理念的进一步深化。在新时期提高党的依法执政能力,就必须对依法执政进行深入探讨和科学的界定。本文在对我国学者近年来关于依法执政的主要观点比较分析后,对依法执政的概念和含义做了一番梳理,认为中国共产党依法执政具有独特的科学内涵。     

Field Contamination of Skeletonized Human Remains with Exogenous DNA

The Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory reports the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of over 800 skeletal samples a year for the Joint POW/MIA Accounting Command–Central Identification Laboratory. These sequences are generated from degraded skeletal remains that are presumed to belong to U.S. service members missing from past military conflicts. In the laboratory, it is possible to control for contamination of remains; however, in the field, it can be difficult to prevent modern DNA from being transferred to skeletal elements and being carried forward through the analysis process. Four such cases are described here along with the controls in place in the laboratory to eliminate the possibility of the exogenous DNA being reported as authentic. In each case, the controls implemented by the laboratories prevented the false reporting of contaminant exogenous DNA from remains that were either faunal or human, but lacked endogenous DNA.     

Forensic Analysis of MTBE Contamination Using Basic Hydrogeologic Concepts

Contamination of groundwater with petroleum hydrocarbons and additives, such as methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), is often linked to the leaking product distribution system of gas stations. In very few cases is it know if and when a leak occurred and how much product was released to the environment. In the absence of direct evidence, a careful analysis of the available data, such as contaminant breakthrough at receptor wells or discrepancies in the product inventory data, may provide evidence about the nature of the release, its timing and magnitude. Using a MTBE contamination site in the formerly glaciated New England region as an example, two possible release scenarios (slow, long‐term release vs. spill) were examined. Of the two scenarios, the slow release could be ruled out as the sole source even though there was no direct evidence for a spill. The analysis of hydraulic test results together with chemical data further permitted to estimate when such an undocumented spill might have occurred. Analyses of the data also allowed these results to be compared to that of a prior transport and fate modeling study. Good agreement and consistency for contaminant travel times was confirmed. This forensic analysis demonstrates that applying basic hydrogeologic principles can aide in the reconstruction of contamination events while providing more readily understandable and defendable evidence relative to complex models. Conceptually, the approach described herein is transferable to other sites with similar hydrogeologies.     

人脑脊液中利多卡因的高效液相色谱分析

目的 建立人脑脊液中利多卡因的高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析方法。方法 以空白人脑脊液添加标准利多卡因进行HPLC分析,并系统考察实验中的色谱条件、样品处理方法、线性关系、精密度及回收率。结果 所建方法的线性范围是1.0～20.0μg·ml-1(r=0.9993),最低检测浓度为1.0μg·ml-1(S/N≥3),日内、日间检测的相对标准偏差≤3.0％,回收率为98.3％～102.7％。结论 所建方法定量检测人脑脊液中的利多卡,灵敏、准确、快速。     

法医体液溯源的分子生物学技术研究进展

通过对犯罪现场发现的体液溯源,可以在样本来源者与实际犯罪行为之间建立联系,为现场重建提供重要证据。随着分子生物学技术的发展,DNA甲基化、RNA等遗传标记以及特定微生物检测被发现具有潜在的法医体液溯源价值。本文对近年来应用分子生物学方法进行法医体液溯源的研究现状和应用前景进行综述。     

Potential for the Remediation of Methamphetamine Contamination Using Ozone,

The deposition of methamphetamine within indoor environments due to illegal activities can pose a health risk for occupants. Current cleaning techniques are costly and inefficient, calling for the development of alternative remediation methods. In addition, the fate of methamphetamine in indoor environments is largely unknown, negatively impacting our knowledge on the health risks associated with contaminated dwellings. Under the conditions of this study, 97% of surface deposited methamphetamine on a paper substrate was consumed after 12 min of exposure to ozone, thus demonstrating potential for its use as a remediation agent. The reaction had an effective second‐order rate constant with an upper limit of 2.15 ± 1 × 10^?18 cm³/molecule/s, and the main product observed was phenyl‐2‐propanone (P2P) at 8.3% yield, as determined using GC/MS. Several products observed in this study have also been reported as by‐products of methamphetamine synthesis, including P2P—a known methamphetamine precursor, which indicates that their detection at a potential clandestine site is not necessarily evidence of manufacture.     

Confirmation by LC-MS of drugs in oral fluid obtained from roadside testing

The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of two current on-site oral fluid (OF) drug detection devices (OraLab and Dr?ger), as part of the Spanish participation in the Roadside Testing Assessment Project (ROSITA Project). The study was done in collaboration with the Spanish Traffic Police, in Galicia (NW Spain), during 2004 and 2005. A total of 468 drivers selected at the police controls agreed to participate through informed consent. In addition, saliva samples were collected and sent to the laboratory to confirm the on-site results. For this purpose, two different analytical liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods were used to detect 11 drugs or metabolites in a 300 microL sample. Simultaneous analysis of morphine, 6-acetylmorphine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDA, MDMA, MDEA, MBDB, cocaine and benzoylecgonine was carried out using 100 microL of oral fluid, after an automated solid phase extraction. A different LC-MS method was performed to detect Delta(9)-THC in 200 microL of oral fluid using liquid-liquid extraction with hexane at pH 6. Both methods were fully validated, including linearity (1-250 ng/mL, 2-250 ng/mL) recovery (>50%), within-day and between-day precision (CV<15%), accuracy (mean relative error<15%), limit of detection (0.5 and 1 ng/mL), quantitation (1 and 2 ng/mL) and matrix effect. All of the positive cases and a random selection of 30% of the negatives were analyzed for confirmation analysis. Good results (sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value>90%) were obtained for cocaine and opiates by OraLab, and for cocaine by Dr?ger. However, the results for the other compounds could be improved for both detection devices. Differences in the ease of use and in the interpretation mode (visual or instrumental) were observed.