"9·11"事件与美国对外态势

"9·11"恐怖袭击事件使美国公众遭受了非常巨大和深刻的心理冲击和精神震撼.急剧加剧的被威胁感和不安全感是当今在美国最普遍的一种情绪或心态,也是对美国的世界态势和对外政策走向最具影响力的一项心理动因.在此情势下美国要以准备对付所有可以想象的突然袭击为重点,调整、改造和加强美国的整个国家安全/防务机器.不安全感的骤然加剧还将使得美国对于一些同恐怖主义问题无关的安全和防务问题产生连带的强烈防范心理.在当前和最近一段未来时间里,总体形势对美国追求其对外政策目的高度有利.     

试析朝鲜反美主义情绪的来源和未来发展

当前朝鲜国内所存在的反美主义情绪已发展到相当高的程度,甚至已成为朝鲜政治生活中的一个重要主题.朝鲜的反美主义情绪对朝鲜的政治、经济和文化生活带来巨大的影响.同时朝鲜的反美主义情绪对朝鲜的对外关系带来重要的影响,可被看作朝美关系在冲突和缓和的循环中不断反复的一个重要原因,也给朝鲜半岛南北关系缓和及无核化进程带来种种变数.本文试图通过各种不同视角进行分析以把握朝鲜反美主义情绪的来源,进而分析朝鲜反美主义情绪在未来的发展和对美朝关系、朝鲜和周边国家关系以及对朝核问题的影响.     

源于地缘政治超越地缘政治--"9·11"以后欧亚大陆中部的战略态势

欧亚大陆一直被地缘政治学家认为是世界的中心,也是霸权国家和谋取霸权的国家试图施展自身控制力的地区,而欧亚大陆中路地区更是在地理上和战略上占据了举足轻重的地位.冷战结束以后,美国一直寻找机会在该地区扩大影响,而"9·11"事件的发生和随后进行的反恐战争,使美国十分顺利地实现了这一目标,可以说这是美国在地缘政治上的巨大收获,但事实上,美国之所得又远远超越了地缘政治.     

美国的"合作降低威胁"项目评析

从1992年正式启动以来,美国的"合作降低威胁"项目取得了重要成就,并从一种旨在降低前苏联核武器失控所构成的即时威胁的应急措施逐渐演变成为美国全球不扩散战略的重要工具.在对项目的主要内容、演变过程及美国的动机进行考察后,本文认为,美国实施"合作降低威胁"项目主要出于其自身安全利益和为外交战略服务的,项目自身也有很大的局限性,但美国这一努力在客观上为促进国际安全和一种新型国际不扩散机制的创设做出了贡献.     

关于"和谐世界"与"民主联盟"的比较研究——以东盟为例

"和谐世界"是一种传承中国传统文化、弘扬新中国外交思想的外交理念,"民主联盟"是一种宣扬美国价值观,为美国国家利益服务的一种文化外交理念."和谐世界"与"民主联盟"在东盟问题上展开的角逐,也代表着中美两国软权力的较量.本文通过对两者在东盟问题上实践的目标、影响、阻力和前景四个方面进行对比,对两者进行一个较系统的比较研究.     

霸权的困境--"美国霸权治下的和平"与"新帝国"论的神话

"9·11"恐怖袭击事件的发生及其后续发展彰显了实力与国家安全之间的背离,国际多边主义与美国单边主义之间的对峙成了决定未来大国关系走向和国际体系发展的主要矛盾."美国霸权治下的和平"和"新帝国"论的倡导者主张美国应该通过追求超强实力实现国家安全和世界稳定,应该采取单边主义和先发制人战略实现并维持美国对世界的领导地位,应该通过追求国家绝对安全和相对收益为未来世界制定秩序.它忽视了实力上升并不必然带来安全相应增加的历史新现实,而演绎的只是一个现代神话.未来的世界和平,只能是"多边协调下的和平".     

从"进攻"到"防御"--美国公共外交战略的角色变迁

公共外交是指一国政府对国外民众的外交形式,即"通过情报信息和交流项目引导国外民众和舆论制造者,以提高美国国家利益和战略目标的行动."第二次世界大战后,它一直是美国对外政策和国家安全战略中的常设工具冷战期间成为进攻性的战略武器,为赢得冷战立下汗马功劳;冷战结束以后一度被打入冷宫,"9·11"事件后重新得宠,旨在解决"世界为何仇恨美国"的问题,实施对象重点放在阿拉伯与穆斯林世界,具有很强的防御性和应急性.但布什政府将"先发制人"与公共外交战略并重,发动"反恐"战争,将美国面临的挑战简单归结为与世界的沟通问题,兼之公共外交战略在操作上的文化差异,因而刚出茅庐即遇挫折实属情理之中.如何把危机公共外交转变为平时状态的公共外交战略,是今后美国政府面对的重大挑战.     

试析"9·11事件"的原因及对国际关系的影响

"9·11事件"的发生与美国在冷战后所采取的政策有直接的关系.在全球化发展且使世界贫富加重的情况下,美国仍以冷战思维,到处插手别国事务,特别是在巴以冲突中,一味采取偏袒以色列的政策,引起阿拉伯世界的强烈不满."9·11事件"不仅给美国经济而且给世界经济造成严重影响.     

大高加索的危机与俄罗斯——"五日战争"之结果及影响

以俄罗斯与格鲁吉亚间的"五日战争"和阿布哈兹与南奥塞梯独立为标志,南高加索日益成为国际关系中倍受关注的热点地区之一.该地区三个前苏联加盟共和国的领土已经沦为.了主要大国地政治和地经济竞争的舞台,俄罗斯的"维稳方案"、美国的"大中东战略"以及欧盟的"欧洲化"政策在此相互博弈.大高加索地区正在彻底地"国际化".格鲁吉亚和南奥塞梯之间长期酝酿的冲突在2008年8月导致俄罗斯的深度卷入并升级为"五日战争",引发了俄罗斯从维持现状到公开支持分离政权的立场转变.这不仅从政治和法律上改变了独联体两个热点地区的面貌,改变了力量结构,还严重影响了整个欧亚地区民族一政治形势."五日战争"证明了共同规则、标准和准则已经失效,世界政治的主要行为体面临着设计世界秩序新模式的问题.梅德韦杰夫提出的新安全构想引发了不同观点和评论.促进有效合作,形成共同准则已经成为当务之急.     

"保守主义理念与美国外交政策"讨论会综述

2002年8月24-25日,由上海国际问题研究所美国室和复旦大学美国研究中心"军备控制与地区安全"研究项目共同主办的"保守主义理念与美国外交政策"讨论会在上海举行,来自中国国际问题研究所、中国现代国际关系研究所、中国社会科学院美国研究所、上海国际问题研究所、北京大学、复旦大学、南京大学、香港大学、浙江大学和苏州大学的30余名专家学者出席了会议.整个会议在求实而又热烈的气氛中进行,取得了预期的效果.     

End of an Era? Anti‐Americanism in the Australian Labor Party

Anti‐Americanism, sometimes called the “last acceptable prejudice”, is a common phenomenon in the modern era. This paper explores the ebb and flow of anti‐Americanism in the Australian Labor Party in the post‐Second World War period and argues that while at times it was reasonable or proportionate, at others such criticism became unreasonable, disproportionate and therefore prejudicial. When this occurs the Australia‐US alliance can become strained, the Australian electorate tends to become sceptical of the ALP's credentials on national security and the party's electoral prospects also tend to suffer. Nevertheless, following the brief leadership of the stridently anti‐American Mark Latham, such sentiment in the ALP has been widely discredited and is unlikely to emerge again in its prejudicial form for some time, marking the end of an era.     

The development of antiamerican attitudes among Korean university students: An exploratory survey

South Korean student anti-Americanism has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years. Previous studies have emphasized the political and historical causes and implications of anti Americanism. The present study approaches the problem from a social psychological and developmental perspective. South Korean students enter college without strong feelings or well-informed opinions about America, either negative or positive. They quickly acquire mostly negative feelings and opinions. They do not necessarily become anti-American, but they do become substantially less favorably inclined toward America—either more anti-American, or less pro-American, than they were before becoming college students. An explanation in terms of their experiences while preparing to become students is offered.     

Conflict Management and Israeli-Palestinian Conflict: The Importance of Capturing the "right Moment"

Professor Jacob Bercovitch of the University of Canterbury in Christchurch, New Zealand, and S. Ayse Kadayifci from the American University in Washington D.C., argue that the current conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians can be best understood as an example of a complex intractable conflict. Such conflicts are usually managed through the intervention of mediators at the "right moment," otherwise they risk failure and further conflict escalation. In contrast to the literature on "ripe moments," the authors argue that it is possible to have more then one right moment in the life cycle of a conflict, which can even be created by mediators. In the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, there was such a moment in 1993, which was subsequently lost. In the following article, the authors analyze the Oslo Process from this "ripe moment" perspective, and suggest an integrated third party approach to create a perception amongst the parties involved that a moment of opportunity is at hand.     

文化因素与美国对华外交

在一国对外政策中,文化因素,特别是一个民族长期形成的文化传统、价值观念、民族心理和思维方式对一个国家的外交有着长期、深远的影响.本文在分析美国文化特征的基础上,认为上帝选择的"使命观"和实用主义对美国外交具有深刻的影响.中美两国从18世纪开始交往以来的二百多年历史中,这些特征在美国对华外交中一直起着重要的作用.     

The "Crusade" Against Evil: Bush's Fundamentalism

This paper deals with some of the religious elements in the responses to the terrorist attacks. It criticises some initial Christian responses (in America) as well as George Bush (Jnr)'s self-asserted Christian credentials. The conjunction between business-friendly forms of religion and the religious cloak over a right-wing political stance is presented as an aspect of Bush's "crusade". The paper surveys the history of the constitutional separation of church and state and the emergence of a republican tradition which had pretensions to displace the "moral haughtiness" and insolence of American religiosity. But the "faith-based" legislation favoured by Bush has prevailed in the general judgementalism of the administration and in the "security measures" and pro-corporate legislation enacted in 2001 and 2002.     

Between the town and the mountain: abortion and the politics of life in Edith Wharton's "Summer"

In the early twentieth century, American laws focused on women's reproductive capacities and were coalescing into the ethical and moral frameworks that subtend American reproductive politics today. Edith Wharton published her 1917 novel, Summer, at a time when anti-abortion sentiment was widespread in American culture. Through a reading of Summer, the article provides a theoretical and historical framework for understanding this new American obsession with the judicial regulation of women's reproductive options. In particular, I situate the novel's presentation of abortion within the tension between the carefully defined laws of North Dormer, the town in which the majority of the story takes place, and the lawlessness of the Mountain, a place that looms throughout the story as the protagonist's birthplace and a location of utmost abjection. The novel's profound insight is that power does not function unilaterally and individually but through and on the population. Furthermore, Wharton leaps ahead by recognizing that life is not simply that which lives but that which is recognized and embraced by the law. This realization, one that Wharton must have come to terms with through her painful work with World War I refugees, shapes Charity's character and her understanding not only of how reproduction is regulated but also of how living within this regulation and control generates the norm and offers the only possibility for a liveable and legible life.     

The "Polish Problem"– American War-Time Perspectives

As one of the initial, and arguably most devastated, casualties of the Second World War, Poland's restoration as a free and independent state was seen as a test case for the viable continuation of the victorious Grand Alliance. Yet seemingly irreconcilable differences between the Western powers and the Soviet Union over intricate territorial and political issues (with the Polish state and people caught firmly in the middle) would signal the end of the working alliance. The US collectively struggled to come to terms with this "Polish problem"– its government failing to deliver to the Poles on those democratic principles enshrined within the Atlantic Charter, and its people finding the very ideals for which they had gone to war compromised. While reflecting the unique complexities of this particular dilemma, American officialsrsquo; perceptions of the conundrum over Poland bear a ringing familiarity to future East European developments and certainly set the tone for the ensuing West-Soviet impasse there. Indeed, this author would not be alone in suggesting that the superpower struggle over Poland at the close of World War II was itself the very genesis of the Cold War conflict.     

Willard Straight, The First World War, and "Internationalism of all Sorts": The Inconsistencies of An American Liberal Interventionist

Willard D. Straight was a banker-diplomat and one of the most prominent early twentieth-century advocates of a greater international role for the USA. From the beginning of the war he argued the Mahanist line that American security depended upon the British fleet and in its own interest the United States should therefore intervene. At the same time he perceived the war as offering a golden opportunity for American bankers and businessmen to make international commercial gains at the expense of Britain. In 1915 this outlook led him to leave the insistently pro-Allied banking firm of J. P. Morgan & Company for the National City-affiliated American International Corporation, which was consciously designed to expand American overseas investments. Throughout the war Straight, who died in late November 1918, consistently argued that an Anglo-American alliance must be the essential foundation of any postwar international order — a position also taken by Theodore Roosevelt — but Straight also demonstrated significant and growing suspicion of and hostility to Great Britain. The numerous inconsistencies in his thinking seem to have sprung from the fact that, rather than being a well thought-out position, his internationalism arose primarily from an indiscriminating psychological need to have his country play a great but poorly defined role on the world stage.     

印度尼西亚“沉船”政策分析

印尼对于在印尼海域非法捕鱼的外国渔船实施"沉船"政策已有多年,近年来被炸沉的船舶数量越来越多。印尼"沉船"政策涉及渔业、渔民、渔业执法、非法捕鱼等方面,通过对这些问题的分析,可以看出印尼的"沉船"政策是涉及经济、社会、政治、外交等多方面的综合性政策。作为一个海洋国家,渔业是印尼的立国之本,但是,印尼的渔业发展水平并不高,渔民是最贫穷的群体之一。由于国内资金短缺,渔业管理与执法能力不足,非法和没有受到管制的捕捞活动普遍存在,在国内民族主义情绪的影响下,印尼政府通过高调实施"沉船"政策来显示对国家利益的维护决心。在这种背景下,虽然"沉船"政策遭到外界的众多批评,并且对佐科政府建设"全球海洋支点"战略有一定的消极影响,但是,可以预见,出于维护国家利益的考虑,佐科在总统的第二任期内,仍将继续实施"沉船"政策。     

美国《1998年国际宗教自由法》及对中美关系的影响评析

<1998年国际宗教自由法>(以下简称IRFA)是由美国保守派推动制订的一部具有域外效力的美国国内法.由于该法所包含的双重标准以及该法在推行过程中必然会产生的诸多问题,该法实施以来"产生"的域外效力十分有限,未对中美关系造成直接影响.但在美国社会不断保守化的背景下,IRFA对中美关系的间接和负面影响不容小视.针对美国国务院每年发布的<国际宗教自由年度报告>中对中国宗教自由状况的歪曲,中国政府予以外交上的坚决谴责是必须的,但从根本上说,在宗教领域奉行接触政策,勿视美国为敌,怀柔美国应是当前我国韬光养晦外交的较佳选择.