Elections and the Soviets

Elections for the local Soviets now functioning were held in March 1961. The number of Soviets elected in the USSR as a whole was 49,858, of which 7 were for territories, 107 for regions, 9 for autonomous regions, 10 for national areas, 3,401 for districts, 1,678 for towns, 343 for districts in cities, 3,061 for settlements, and 41,242 for villages.     

Medicare program; physician fee schedule update for calendar year 1997 and physician volume performance standard rates of increase for Federal fiscal year 1997--HCFA. Final notice

This final notice announces the calendar year 1997 updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule and the Federal fiscal year 1997 volume performance standard rates of increase for expenditures for physicians' services under the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B) program as required by sections 1848 (d) and, (f), respectively, of the Social Security Act. The fee schedule updates for calendar year 1997 are 1.9 percent for surgical services, 2.5 percent for primary care services, and -0.8 percent for other nonsurgical services. While it does not affect payment for any particular service, there was a 0.6 percent increase in the update for all physicians' services for 1997. The physician volume performance standard rates of increase for Federal fiscal year 1997 are -3.7 percent for surgical services, 4.5 percent for primary care services, -0.5 percent for other nonsurgical services, and a weighted average of -0.3 percent for all physicians' services.     

解析非法进行节育手术罪中的"医生执业资格"--以有关行政法律规范为起点

非法进行节育手术罪的主体是未取得医生执业资格的人.这里的医生执业资格是法律法规要求成为医生从事计划生育手术所必需的资格与能力.结合有关卫生法律规范,笔者认为在1997年10月1日后,2001年10月1日前,本罪中的医生执业资格="计划生育手术合格证"+"计划生育手术许可证".在2001年10月1日后,本罪中的医生执业资格=<计划生育技术服务人员合格证>+<医师执业证书>+<计划生育技术服务机构执业许可证>或<医疗机构执业许可证>.由此框定了哪些是取得医生执业资格的人,本罪的主体-未取得医生执业资格人也就呼之欲出了.     

香港民事诉讼中的诉讼费担保制度

诉讼费担保制度是普通法系国家的一项民事诉讼规则和制度,它能够解决一些因诉讼费而产生的不公平问题。在诉讼费担保制度的适用情形、担保金命令的申请程序、担保金命令的发出程序、担保金命令的法律效力、担保金的取回程序方面,香港都有比较完善的规定,但也存在一些需要解决的问题。香港诉讼费担保制度的成功之处对于阻止内地民事诉讼中的当事人滥诉行为,会有一定的借鉴意义。     

Medicare program; physician fee schedule update for calendar year 1996 and physician volume performance standard rates of increase for federal fiscal year 1996--HCFA. Final notice

This final notice announces the calendar year 1996 updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule and the Federal fiscal year 1996 volume performance standard rates of increase for expenditures for physicians' services under the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B) program as required by sections 1848 (d) and (f), respectively, of the Social Security Act. The fee schedule update for calendar year 1996 is 3.8 percent for surgical services, -2.3 percent for primary care services, and 0.4 percent for other nonsurgical services. While it does not affect payment for any particular service, there was a 0.8 percent increase in the update for all physicians' services for 1996. The physician volume performance standard rates of increase for Federal fiscal year 1996 are -0.5 percent for surgical services, 9.3 percent for primary care services, 0.6 percent for other nonsurgical services, and a weighted average of 1.8 percent for all physicians' services. In our July 26, 1995 proposed rule concerning revisions to payment policies under the Medicare physician fee schedule for calendar year 1996, we proposed using category-specific volume and intensity growth allowances in calculating the default Medicare Volume Performance Standard (MVPS). We received 20 comments on this proposal. Since this proposal is related to the MVPS and this notice deals with MVPS issues, we are responding to those comments in this notice instead of in the final rule for the fee schedule entitled "Medicare Program; Revisions to Payment Policies and Adjustments to the Relative Value Units Under the Physician Fee Schedule for Calendar Year 1996" published elsewhere in this Federal Register issue.     

Support for emergency department screening for intimate partner violence depends on perceived risk

Emergency department (ED) screening for intimate partner violence (IPV) faces logistic difficulties and has uncertain efficacy. We surveyed 146 ED visitors and 108 ED care providers to compare their support for ED IPV screening in three hypothetical scenarios of varying IPV risk. Visitor support for screening was 5 times higher for the high-risk (86%) than for the low-risk (17%) scenario. Providers showed significantly more support for the need for ED IPV screening than visitors. Controlling for confounding by gender, race, experience with IPV, hospital, and marital status did not affect comparisons between groups. These responses indicate greater support for IPV screening in the ED for high-risk than for low-risk cases, particularly among visitors.     

World population data for the HLA-DQA1, PM and D1S80 loci with least and most common profile frequencies for combinations of loci estimated following NRC II guidelines

All published and unpublished gene frequency data for the PCR-based loci HLA-DQA1, LDLR, GYPA, HBGG, D7S8, GC, and D1S80 that could be located are presented in summary tables. These gene frequencies provide the data necessary for estimating probabilities of chance match according to NRC II guidelines for any DNA profile that includes any combination of these loci for any of the populations. To illustrate the range of polymorphism for combined locus profiles, least and most common profile frequencies were estimated following NRC II guidelines for: the PM loci for all populations for which PM data were available; and for combinations of HLA-DQA1/PM, HLA-DQA1/D1S80, PM/D1S80, and HLA-DQA1/ PM/D1S80 for populations for which data were available for the relevant combinations. The profile frequencies were calculated at theta values of zero and 0.01. Minimum allele frequencies (MAF) were calculated, and are shown, for each data set for which the MAF was greater than the lowest observed allele frequency. Least common profile frequencies were calculated using MAF in those cases to illustrate a conservative estimate. The effect of using MAF versus lowest observed allele frequency in estimating least common profile frequencies is briefly illustrated as well. We finally show that aggregate U.S. gene frequency data for the classical MN and GC polymorphisms for both Caucasian and African-American populations is fully in accord with the DNA-based gene frequency data obtained from PM reverse dot-blot strips for GYPA and GC, respectively.     

Sex differences in the likelihood of arrest

Using data from the new National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS), this study analyzed the impact of a criminal offender's sex on the likelihood of arrest for 555,752 incidents of kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible fondling, robbery, aggravated assault, simple assault, and intimidation in nineteen states and the District of Columbia during 2000. The data used in this study advanced the literature by enabling the authors to determine the likelihood of arrest for males and females based on sex-specific offending as reported by crime victims. Controlling for offense seriousness and a variety of other factors, logistic regression results showed that the probability of arrest for females was 28 percent lower for kidnapping, 48 percent lower for forcible fondling, 9 percent lower for simple assault, and 27 percent lower for intimidation than for males. A supplemental analysis also revealed that Black females had a higher probability of arrest than did White females for aggravated and simple assault. No discernable impact of an offender's sex on the prospect of arrest was noted for the crimes of forcible rape and robbery. Overall, these findings suggest that the lower arrest rate for females is partly the result of leniency shown women by law enforcement personnel.     

部分权利能力制度的构建

局限于19世纪的哲学认识,权利能力仅被赋予自然人和法人,其他人和组织形态的权利能力被忽略。因而,当迫切需要法律对这些人和组织予以调整时,传统权利能力的规定成为不可逾越的体系障碍,必须通过法律续造的方法构建部分权利能力制度。事实上,民法关于权利能力制度的构造以及立法上的一些规定已经为部分权利能力的构建提供了坚实的理论基础和立法例支撑。部分权利能力是在部分而非全部的民事法律关系中作为民事权利享有者和义务承担者的能力,它通过考察自然人和法人以外的人和组织的人格状态和特定法律关系的价值和目的来认定。部分权利能力是一个开放的概念,它不但包括胎儿、死者与合伙的部分权利能力,还包括其他一些人和组织的部分权利能力。     

TRICARE: Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services (CHAMPUS); nonavailability statement requirement for maternity care. Office of the Secretary, DoD. Final Rule

This final rule implements Section 712(c) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (Pub. L. No. 106-65), which requires that a nonavailability-of-health-care statement shall be required for a beneficiary not enrolled in TRICARE Prime for TRICARE cost-share of maternity care services related to outpatient prenatal, outpatient or inpatient delivery, and outpatient post-partum care subsequent to the visit which confirms the pregnancy. The Act reestablishes a requirement which was previously eliminated under the broad direction of the National Defense Authorization Act for FY 1997, section 734, which removed authority for nonavailability statements (NASs) for outpatient services. Therefore, the Act changes the provisions which require an NAS for inpatient delivery, but do not require an NAS for outpatient prenatal and post-partum care. The change will significantly contribute to continuity of care for maternity patients. In furtherance of that principle, and consistent with the previous policy, an NAS for maternity care shall not be required when a beneficiary has other health insurance for primary coverage.     

医疗机构产前检查过失致缺陷婴儿出生之法律救济探析

因医院产前检查过失导致缺陷婴儿出生之损害赔偿案件在我国司法实践中并不鲜见,但世界各国对此类案件的处理则没有统一规定,在我国也没有相应的法律规范。本文从法理上剖析了人民法院以医院产前检查过失行为侵犯缺陷婴儿父母的生育选择权为裁判基础的不妥之处,评析了"缺陷婴儿不当出生之诉"的侵权不成立、违约救济之困境,提出在我国侵权法体系中应当增加"违反保护他人的法律规定之侵权类型",以消弭此类纠纷在司法实践中法律适用的困惑。     

广义城市生态安全初探

随着城市化的进程不断加快,学术界对城市生态安全的重视程度也日益增强。基础型和传统型城市生态安全理论完全围绕自然生态安全,鲜有从城市经济生态安全、城市社会生态安全角度进行探讨,文章以城市自然生态安全为基本立足点,拓展了城市生态安全的定义和范畴,提出广义城市生态安全的概念,并对城市经济和社会生态安全进行了探讨。     

轻罪重判国家赔偿责任的证立及其类型化

刑事审判实践中,对于轻罪重判是否赔偿,处理结果不一,原因在于对《国家赔偿法》第17条第(三)项以及最高人民法院、最高人民检察院《关于办理刑事赔偿案件适用法律若干问题的解释》第6条的不同理解。轻罪重判是对权利的侵害,在加强人权司法保障、强化权力运行制约监督的时代背景下,应该对《国家赔偿法》立法原意予以检讨,对轻罪重判的被告人予以赔偿。制度操作上,可以将轻罪重判的赔偿分为管制的赔偿、有期徒刑改判较短期限的赔偿、重判死刑且已执行的赔偿以及轻罪重判附加刑的赔偿,在此类型化区分的基础上对赔偿的项目、赔偿的方式以及计算标准进行设计。     

我国离婚损害赔偿制度之完善

针对我国离婚损害赔偿制度存在的缺陷,应考虑从以下几方面完善:拓宽离婚损害赔偿的适用范围;完善离婚损害赔偿举证责任的内容,适当适用过错推定原则;明确损害赔偿应包括物质损害赔偿和精神损害赔偿;规制赔偿数额。     

服务侵权责任是独立的质量侵权责任

服务侵权责任是一项独立的质量侵权责任。承担服务侵权责任的前提条件是服务存在缺陷,即服务经营者所提供的服务不符合保障人身、财产安全的要求,包括服务设计缺陷、服务指示缺陷和服务过程缺陷。服务侵权责任的归责原则应采取过借推定兼顾公平原则。服务侵权责任与产品责任、建筑侵权责任构成我国“三位一体”的质量侵权责任制度。     

登记的担保权顺位规则研究——以《民法典》第414条分析为中心

登记的担保权顺位规则旨在解决以登记作为公示方式的担保权竞存时的顺位问题,《民法典》第414条构建了以登记为中心的抵押权竞存下的顺位规则,该条具有强大的体系效应和广泛的适用价值,它构建了统一的动产重复抵押的顺位规则,解决了权利重复抵押的顺位规则、抵押权与可以登记的权利质权冲突规则,明确了典型担保与非典型担保之间的顺位关系,并可参照适用于权利质权竞存情形下权利顺位的确定,为多重的担保性债权转让的顺位规则提供了基础。《民法典》第414条确立了顺位升进主义。但《民法典》第414条在适用中应当排除正常经营买受人优先保护规则、价金超级优先权规则等规则的适用。     

Physician performance standard rates of increase for federal fiscal year 1994 and physician fee schedule update for calendar year 1994--HCFA. Final notice with comment period

This notice announces the calendar year (CY) 1994 updates to the Medicare physician fee schedule and the Federal fiscal year (FY) 1994 performance standard rates of increase for expenditures and volume of physicians' services under the Medicare Supplementary Medical Insurance (Part B) program as required by sections 1848 (d) and (f), respectively, of the Social Security Act. The physician performance standard rates of increase for Federal FY 1994 are 8.6 percent for surgical services, 10.5 percent for primary care services, 9.2 percent for other nonsurgical services, and 9.3 percent for all physicians' services. The fee schedule update for CY 1994 is 10.0 percent for surgical services, 7.9 percent for primary care services, and 5.3 percent for other nonsurgical services. This notice also references the surgical and nonsurgical designations for new and revised procedure codes in the Physicians' Current Procedural Terminology, to be used in applying the CY 1994 updates and for establishing and measuring expenditures under the MVPS for FY 1994. These designations appear in Addendum C of the final rule with comment period entitled "Medicare Program; Revisions to Payment Policies and Adjustments to the Relative Value Units under the Physician Fee Schedule for Calendar Year 1994 (BPD-770-FC)," published elsewhere in this Federal Register issue. The new and revised surgical and nonsurgical designations are subject to public comment. In addition, this notice addresses public comments on the "initial" procedure-specific list of surgical services published in our November 25, 1992, notice.     

刑事错判证明标准的名案解析

错判的发生具有普遍性和蛰伏性,错判的认知具有模糊性和对抗性,因此我们需要明确认定错判的证明标准。通过对美国、英国、德国的错判证明标准的实例解析,我们可以看到,他们在认定错判的时候都不适用刑事诉讼中认定被告人有罪的证明标准,而且认定错判的证明标准都低于认定有罪的证明标准。我们应该重新阐释中国刑事诉讼中错判的证明标准,而且应区分启动再审的证明标准、认定错判的证明标准和决定国家赔偿的证明标准。     

A simplified procedure for simultaneous detection of salivary proteins and its application in paternity testing

An alternative simplified procedure for the genetic analysis of salivary protein complex (SPC) which eliminates the need for a specific concentrated parotid sample is proposed. After the technique is applied isoelectric focusing and protein detection is carried out by silver staining. The chance of exclusion of non-fathers for these systems in our population is 0.161711 for Pr, 0.07948 for Db, 0.07836 for Pa and 0.00995 for PIF. The total exclusion rate for these systems is 0.30042.     

医疗管理损害责任与法律适用

医疗管理损害责任是《侵权责任法》规定的医疗损害责任中的一种具体类型,与医疗伦理损害责任、医疗技术损害责任和医疗产品损害责任一道,构成医疗损害责任的类型体系。医疗管理损害责任应当适用《侵权责任法》第54条的规定确定赔偿责任,但与该法第34条第1款规定的用人单位责任构成竞合关系,受害患者可以根据自己的利益选择法律。