依法治国的制度的创新

依法治国是党领导人民治理国家的基本方略,也是一项系统的社会变革工程。本文从宪政制度、国家权力配置制度以及立法、行政、司法制度改革与加强和改善党的领导等方面提出了依法治国的制度创新框架。     

A Neo‐Institutional Account of Prison Diffusion

Interest in legal innovations, particularly in the criminal law realm, often centers on an innovation's emergence, but not its subsequent diffusion. Typifying this trend, existing accounts of the prison's historical roots persuasively explain the prison's “birth” in Jacksonian‐Era northern coastal cities, but not its subsequent rapid, widespread, and homogenous diffusion across a culturally, politically, and economically diverse terrain. Instead, this study offers a neo‐institutional account of the prison's diffusion, emphasizing the importance of national, field‐level pressures rather than local, contextual factors. This study distinguishes between the prison's innovation and early adoption, which can be explained by the need to replace earlier proto‐prisons, and its subsequent adoption, particularly in the South and frontier states, which was driven by the desire to conform to increasingly widespread practices. This study further attributes the isomorphic nature of the diffusion to institutional pressures, including uncertainty surrounding the new technology, pseudoprofessional penal reformers and their claims about competing models of confinement, and contingent historical factors that reinforced these institutional pressures. This study illustrates the importance of distinguishing between the motivations that initiate criminal law innovations and those that advance their diffusion.     

“牢头狱霸”问题与我国囚犯管理的制度选择——基于博弈论的法经济学分析

牢头狱霸现象在我国的监狱和看守所中长期存在，国家机关希望通过法律和政策对其进行打击，但这种现象却屡禁不止。对于牢头狱霸的产生原因和解决方式，相关的法律经济学分析尚属空白。本文通过非合作的完全信息静态博弈理论对新老囚犯的行为进行分析，揭示了在管制资源不足的状况下，管理者在制度选择时宁可冒着承担法律责任的风险，依然选择产生牢头狱霸制度的深层原因和动机。在此基础上，本文还进一步分析了这种非正式制度的优势和不足，并对我国的狱政管理提出相应的立法和政策建议。     

Informal Circles of Ministers: A Way Out of the EU's Institutional Dilemmas?

This contribution argues that the particular relevance of informal circles of ministers lies in their ability to routinise and communise the process of the interpretation of constitutional norms at the intergovernmental level. The informal setting triggers a particular mode of interaction—deliberative intergovernmentalism. In the case of economic policy coordination among the euro–zone countries, which is analysed in this article, this interaction produces common standards for the assessment of the economic situation in the member states and guidelines on appropriate policy responses in particular budgetary and economic situations. In a situation, in which there is growing need for closer policy coordination but European Union member states are reluctant to transfer further decision–making competences to the supranational level, the mediation between diverging interpretations of the rather 'thin' formal constitutional norms governing the coordination process is crucial in order to ensure the overall stability of the coordination framework. Informal circles of ministers can therefore be a way out of the current institutional dilemmas arising from the attitude of national governments to move towards new areas of common engagement while being increasingly reluctant to transfer further formal decision–making competences to the supranational level.     

Responding to Roommate Troubles: Reconsidering Informal Dyadic Control

Existing analyses of informal control within dyadic relations neglect the nonpenal responses that characterize many such control efforts, and they give minimal attention to the interactional and interpretive processes that characterize such responses. And while dispute transformation provides a well‐developed model of the development of dyadic disputes, this model is limited in prespecifying “injury” as the starting point for these processes and in neglecting informal reactions other than “claiming.” Integrating theories of informal control and dispute transformation, this article provides a case study analyzing the nature and processes of informal reactions to troubles involving college roommates, identifying three general categories of such response: managerial reactions, which involve unilateral, nonconfrontational efforts to manage the consequences or implications of the trouble or to change indirectly the troubling behavior; complaint‐making reactions, where the troubled party attempts to get the other to change the disturbing behavior; and distancing and punitive reactions, which are relationally despairing responses marked by open confrontation and hostility.     

法官判决的制度表达与实践——从制度经济学角度看法官判决时的非正式制度倾向

笔者通过一个案例,运用制度经济学的方法,分析了中国背景下法官判决时存在的非正式制度倾向问题。尽管制度表达上法官应以法律规则作为判案依据,但在实践上,法官基于成本收益的衡量,会发展出另外一套“行动规则”。国家、法官和当事人之间的博弈以及非正式制度的比较优势是造成目前现状的主要原因。     

对"法治"与"德治"的思考

法治建设与道德规范的建设是紧密相关的,通过立法程序所设立的法律并不表示能在人们的现实生活的交往与冲突中得到完全实施,德治可以在一定程度上化解和补足法治建设进程中的这一不足,对法治建设起到辅助作用.     

从制度上保证人民陪审员真正享有刑事裁判权——论人民陪审员制度的完善

为保障人民陪审员真正享有刑事裁判权,就要发挥人民陪审员在价值判断方面的优势,人民陪审员参与审理的案件范围应当限定为需要价值判断的案件,即对定罪量刑存在争议或者可能判处被告人无期徒刑、死刑的案件;人民陪审员的任职资格应当降低,岗前培训应当取消,名额应当增加,工作量应当减少;审判组织应当扩大,审前准备程序应当完善,审判委员会的裁判权应当取消,评议程序应当充实。     

Suicide by Medication Overdose in Prison: A Study of Three Cases

Suicide is one of the principal causes of mortality in a prison environment. Although suicide by medication overdose is less frequent than suicide by hanging, self‐strangulation, or vein cutting, it raises questions as to how the medications are obtained, particularly in view of the specific organization of the medication circuit in prisons. We present three cases of suicide by medication overdose involving different therapeutic classes with different distribution circuits and review the regulatory requirements and the measures that could be taken to prevent such suicides.     

邓小平法治理论是依法治国的指南

邓小平法治理论是邓小平理论的重要组成部分 ,其内容十分丰富 ,涉及到我国法制建设的各个方面 ,但其核心精神十分明确 ,即 :完善法律制度是根本。这一极其重要的结论 ,是邓小平同志在对我们党和国家法制建设的经验教训进行深刻反思的基础上得出的。在我国全面进行经济、政治、行政体制改革的背景下 ,邓小平同志对加强行政法制建设、保证政府严格依法行政作出了一系列重要论述 ,主要包括 :一要加强行政组织立法 ,二要严格依法行政 ,三要加强对行政权力的监督和制约。依法治国 ,建设社会主义法治国家是一个长期而复杂的历史进程 ,是社会主义制度的伟大创新 ,在这一创新过程中 ,当务之急就是要以邓小平法治理论为指导 ,努力探索适合我国国情的法治道路 ,正确处理依法治国向纵深推进过程中面临的一些重大关系     

走向具体法治

宏大价值的实现 ,主要依赖于具体政制、法律和程序。只有通过具体法治 ,才能使法治达到名归实至的境界。     

知识产权的制度风险与法律控制

在风险社会的语境中,知识产权法是一种制度文明,也是一种可能存在的制度风险。诸如文化风险、生态风险、基因技术风险、网络风险等,主要是知识产权制度的"内生性"风险。如何克服现行知识产权法律制度和法律秩序的先天性缺陷和潜在危机,提高风险意识,增强风险识别能力,寻求风险治理机制,是国际知识产权界共同面临的时代问题。知识产权制度风险的法律治理必须秉持价值理性与工具理性统一、权利观念与责任观念统一、法律控制与技术规制统一等理念,并通过传统知识保护、公共领域保留、开放存取及知识共享协议、知识创新奖励等制度的替代和补充,形成一个应对风险社会的观念体系和制度系统。这是应对知识产权制度风险的法律举措,也是实现知识产权制度价值目标的法律变革路径。     

The Moderating Effects of Informal Social Control in the Sanctions-Compliance Nexus

Deterrence researchers have abandoned a one-size-fits-all approach and identified a wide range of individual characteristics (e.g., low self-control, emotional arousal) associated with the decision to offend. Comparatively less attention has been given to the moderating effects of purely situational factors on intentions to break the law. Drawing on social control and rational choice literatures, we utilized a vignette-based survey and asked a sample of young adults to report on their likelihood of driving drunk under conditions of high and low informal social control. We then explored the effects of certainty and severity of punishment on offending likelihood across both conditions. Among deterrable offenders, we found that the relationship between severity and compliance manifested only in the presence of high informal social control. Certainty was significantly and inversely associated with offending likelihood in both high and low informal social control conditions—among both deterrables and the full sample. Implications for deterrence theory are discussed.     

分类矫治：狱政管理工作的新课题

分类管理是我国监狱对罪犯实施分类改造制度在狱政管理活动中的具体体现,这一制度确立了我国监狱对罪犯执行刑罚的具体形式是分类关押,对罪犯的监管方式是分级处遇①。实践证明,分类管理是符合我国国情的,成效是明显的。但随着形势的发展,尤其是罪犯心理矫治在狱政管理上的作用     

National Parliamentary Control of EU Policy: The Challenge of Supranational Institutional Development

The history of the EU is characterised by rapid and complex institutional development. This leaves European Affairs Committees (EACs) in national parliaments with a moving target problem in their endeavours to control the government's EU policies. This paper investigates how EACs react to this challenge. Building on the rational delegation literature, it is argued that EACs are likely to adapt control instruments in tandem with institutional changes at the supranational level. Using McCubbins and Schwartz (1984, American Journal of Political Science, 28, 165–179), it is further argued that EACs are likely to want to impose both police patrol and fire alarm control on the government. These arguments are investigated in the case of Denmark during the 50-year period since the first Danish application for EU membership in 1961, and considerable support is found for the authors' hypotheses.     

Private Ordering,Self-Regulation and Futures Markets: A Comparative Study of Informal Social Control*

This paper describes an empirical study of futures market regulation in three jurisdictions: Chicago, Hong Kong, and Sydney. It focuses on private ordering and argues that informal mechanisms of social control have been crucial in maintaining market “order” and curbing trading abuses. Peer group pressure, fear of being ostracized, the leverage of large institutional clients, the transparency of certain market dealings and the opportunities this provides for “pay back” between “repeat players”, have been far more important in ordering behavior than the remote and often unenforced rules imposed either by government or the exchanges themselves. It is suggested that to understand “crime in the pits” we should focus on criminogenic structures which facilitate fraud through specific combinations of opportunity and risk. It is also structural factors which substantially account for the relative success or failure of private ordering in constraining trading abuses in different markets.     

Women in Prison in Spain: The Implementation of Bangkok Rules to the Spanish Prison Legislation

This paper aims to take a close look at the reality of female crime in Spain. On the one hand, we will focus on describing the current situation of women incarcerated in Spanish prisons, an especially vulnerable group given their peculiarities and needs. Through secondary sources, we describe the situation of discrimination against women in these prisons. On the other hand, the paper establishes whether the current Spanish prison legislation echoes all or some of the United Nations Rules for the Treatment of Women Prisoners and Non-custodial Measures of Freedom for Women Offenders (Bangkok Rules, 2010). To this end, a detailed analysis of both standards, national and international, is essential. As a general conclusion, although Spain has high standard prison regulations and modern facilities, female prisoners in Spanish prison are subject to discrimination. It is from such a perspective that this article proposes that the necessary changes and appropriate penitentiary policies to meet the specific needs of female prisoners are established.     

论中国法治工程的渐进历程

正确认识中国法治工程的特点、难点 ,找到适宜的实施方案。坚持与完善中国共产党的领导是中国建设法治国家的一个突出特点。中国的法治工程具有特殊性、艰巨性、渐进性和探索性 ,这就决定了只有在中国共产党的领导下才能实现依法治国 ,建设社会主义法治国家。