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1.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
The EU Prospectus Directive1 (the PD) was introducedin late 2003 amid a flurry of optimism and . . . [Full Text of this Article]
2. The Prospectus Directive
3. Different implementation across the EEA
4. Mismatch between law and market practice—Retail cascades
(a) Use of programmes (b) Derogation
5. Liability
6. Final terms or supplements?
7. Passporting
8. Impact of other laws
Unfair contracts Financial promotion Advertising regime
9. Conclusion
相似文献
- When the EU Prospectus Directive was introduced inlate 2003, there was great optimism that it would finally leadto the long awaited pan-EEA retail capital market.
- This articleasks whether the Directive has achieved this result and looks,in particular, at the disclosure regime relating to the admissionof debt securities to EEA-regulated markets and the public offeringof such securities in the EEA.
- A number of impediments to thecross-border retail market, that are completely separate fromdisclosure, are examined.
- In conclusion, the article discusseswhether, in fact, expectations for the Prospectus Directivein this area were set too high and could never be met and looksat what more needs to be done in order to achieve the goal ofa single retail debt market in the EEA.
2.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
. . . [Full Text of this Article]
2. Overview of the case
The facts The decision The ratio Appeals
3. Significance of the case
4. Nature of appropriation
Nature of security interest Contrast title transfer collateral arrangements Meaning of appropriation The issue in the case
5. Indirectly held securities
6. The Financial Collateral Directive regime
7. Interpretation of UK provisions implementing EU legislation
8. Doctrine versus pragmatism
相似文献
- The recent decision of the High Court of the BritishVirgin Islands in Alfa v Cukurova has caused a stir among lawyersserving the international financial markets based in London.
- Thedecision concerns the meaning of appropriation.Appropriation is a new remedy for collateral takers introducedby the Financial Collateral Arrangements (No. 2) Regulations2003, which implement the Financial Collateral Directive.
- Thedecision holds that effective appropriation requires the collateraltaker to take over from the collateral giver the ability todeal with the collateral as its own.
- In Cukurova, where anequitable mortgage was taken over directly held shares, thisrequired that the collateral taker become the registered ownerof the shares.
- The decision was appealed to the BVI Court ofAppeal in late January 2008 and may go further. In the meantime,this article provides an overview of the decision and considersits wider significance.
3.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
2. Law and economics context
3. Hedge fund regulation
4. Concerns about insider trading
5. The importance of cost benefit in regulation
6. Insider trading undefined
If you build it, they will come
7. Differences between derivative assets and securities
8. Uncertainty should be resolved in the markets, not in litigation
9. ETFs and structured products are also blurring the regulatory boundaries
The burden is on market participants 相似文献
- Unspecified boundaries in the commodities, derivatives,and securities law have not only increased the discretion ofindividual regulatory authorities, but have also resulted inexpanded and often overlapping assertions of jurisdiction bythe Securities and Exchange Commission, the Commodity FuturesTrading Commission, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission,and other authorities.
- The Securities and Exchange Commissionhas recently sought to expand its jurisdiction into the derivativesmarkets to seek registration of hedge funds and other usersof derivatives and commodity futures as investment advisors,and to seek to apply its insider trading laws broadly to thevarious assets traded by funds.
- Financial institutions, intermediaries,and end users are increasingly being asked to demonstrate theeconomic or business purpose of their financial transactionsand their trading practices to ensure their legitimacy and avoidregulatory scrutiny.
- Compliance and litigation costs have predictablyrisen in this environment, in part due to the
. . . [Full Text of this Article]
4.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points. . . [Full Text of this Article]
1. Sector coverage
2. Allocation
3. Treatment of new entrants
4. Installation closure
5. Auctioning
6. Trading
7. The Kyoto Protocol
8. Linking to the Kyoto Mechanisms
9. Buying from clean development and joint implementation projects
CDM projects JI projects
10. The primary market
11. The secondary market
12. Existing documentation for trading EUAs
13. Deliverability issues for Kyoto Credits
14. Eligibility requirements for emissions trading
15. The International Transaction Log
16. Commitment period reserves
17. The impact on secondary trading documentation
18. The voluntary market for CERs
19. The future for emissions trading
相似文献
- The EU ETS will undergo a number of changes consequentupon the commencement of the first Kyoto Commitment Period on1 January 2008.
- This article considers the existing EU ETSframework and also the key developments that are anticipatedin the European emissions market for 2008–2012.
- A secondarymarket for trading EUAs has already developed and this market,together with the standard-form documentation used, is discussed.
- Inconclusion, the article questions the future of emissions tradingin Europe—particularly after the current Kyoto targetsexpire in 2012.
5.
6.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
2. Importance of liberalizing the US deregistration rules
3. US and EU perspectives on deregistration
Delisting and deregistration in the US Delisting and deregistration in EU
4. SEC's first proposal to amend the deregistration rules
Deregistration of equity securities Deregistration of debt securities Rules for counting shareholders
5. Response to the first deregistration proposal
6. The Second Deregistration Proposal and The Final Deregistration Adoption
7. Conclusion
相似文献
- While the passage of SarbanesOxley in the USwas just one of the many causes for the lack of competitivenessof the US capital markets recently, it served to focus the attentionof foreign private issuers in the US on the difficulty and sometimesimpossibility of exiting the US capital markets.
- Unlike manyother jurisdictions, the process of deregistering in the USis distinct from process of delisting. The current rules forderegistration of foreign private issuers focus on the numberof US shareholders, regardless of how or where those shareholderspurchased their shares. In addition, foreign private issuers,were subject to complicated rules for counting US shareholders,and deregistration often would only suspend (not terminate)their reporting obligations.
- As a result of pressure from foreignprivate issuers, the SEC proposed new rules at the end of 2005to liberalize the existing deregistration regime for foreignprivate issuers.
. . . [Full Text of this Article]
7.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
2. What is meant by a complex financial history?
3. A significant financial commitment
4. The test of significance
5. Deciding what to disclose
6. By way of illustration
7. Interaction with domestic requirements
8. When is a year not a year?
9. What issuers need to do?
相似文献
- Recognizing the importance of ensuring that the financialhistory presented in a prospectus appropriately reflects thesubstance of an issuer's operations, the European Commissionhas brought forward an amendment to the Prospectus Directiveimplementing Regulation (809/2004) which will take effect fromJanuary 2007. The new law defines two new terms, namely a complexfinancial history and a significant financialcommitment, which if applicable will require an issuerto consider including additional historical financial informationto that of its own.
- Following the Committee of European SecuritiesRegulators' advice on this subject, as well as the views ofmarket participants, the new law does not prescribe the financialreporting solutions to be followed. Rather, it sets out theprinciples to be applied and then allows competent authoritiesflexibility to accommodate solutions that reflect the particularcircumstances of an issuer. Notably, the competent authoritiesare required to take into account the
. . . [Full Text of this Article]
8.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
2. MiFID's best execution. Why a flexible definition?
3. Is MiFID's definition really flexible?
4. Political and economic implications
5. When is a dealer an agent?
6. Conclusions
相似文献
- Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament andof the Council on markets in financial instruments (MiFID)enhances investor protection in Europe by harmonizing the rulesof conduct applicable to investment services providers, includingbest execution requirements.
- Under MiFID, Member States mustallow internalization of orders and, therefore, eliminate theconcentration provisions requiring transactionsin equity securities to be executed by intermediaries on a regulatedmarket. This article argues that MiFID's best execution provisionsmay represent a compromise between those Member States that,on one hand, having concentration rules in place, intended toprotect the incumbent exchanges from the consequences of theirrepeal and those, on the other, that intended to fully exploitthe opportunities of financial liberalization in Europe.
- Afterexamining MiFID's broad definition of best execution, the articleconsiders several provisions that limit the Directive's flexibility.These provisions tend to favour incumbent exchanges, which offerthe best
. . . [Full Text of this Article]
9.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points. . . [Full Text of this Article]
1. The modern approach to contractual construction
2. Wider still and wider?: prior negotiations
3. Entire agreement and non-reliance clauses
What does an entire agreement clause look like? The issues
4. Construction of entire agreement clauses
5. Waiver
6. Estoppel and non-reliance clauses
7. Statutory regulation
The Misrepresentation Act 相似文献
- The construction of commercial contracts has seena shift from a strict to a liberal philosophy of constructionand this has had an impact on commercial agreements and actors.
- Thereis an ongoing debate concerning the widening background or matrixevidence to include prior negotiations, reflecting the desireof parties to insulate commercial agreements from collateralterm arguments or other recourse to wider materials.
- This hasin part led to the emergence of entire agreementand non-reliance clauses.
- This article considersthe construction of such clauses and whether such clauses takeeffect through construction or estoppel reasoning. It also looksat the merits of estoppel by representation and estoppelby contract, the impact of Unfair Contract Terms Act1977 and Misrepresentation Act 1967, and the effect of waiverof clause.
10.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
Approximately two years have lapsed since the implementationof the Prospectus Directive in most EU Member States, whichwas required by 1 July 2005. In spite of the Prospectus Regulationand CESR's Recommendations (on level 2, respectively level 3of the Lamfalussy process) . . . [Full Text of this Article]
2. The role of CESR
3. CESR's common positions based on frequently asked questions (FAQs) with respect to disclosure practices
Use of supplemental prospectus for new offerings (FAQ no. 25) Supplemental prospectus and interim financial information (FAQ no. 16) Supplemental prospectus and profit forecast (FAQ no. 17) Conversion exemption (FAQ no. 22) Use of annual report as registration document (FAQ no. 8) Financial information of start-up entities (FAQ no. 14)
4. Disclosure practices (presently) beyond CESR's guidance
10 per cent-exemption for units in a limited partnership Disclosure issues for investment entities Risk factor disclosure
5. Conclusion
相似文献
- In February 2005, CESR issued its Recommendationsfor the consistent implementation of the Prospectus Regulation.
- SinceJuly 2006, CESR has begun to develop a line of clarificationson disclosure practices under the Prospectus Directive and theProspectus Regulation in the form of common positions basedon Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs).
- This article first analysesthe question to which extent CESR's Recommendations and commonpositions have binding effect, in the sense that individualnational securities regulators are under some form of obligationto apply these.
- Subsequently, the article discusses a selectionof CESR's common positions on FAQs which are of material importancefor day-to-day disclosure practice.
11.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
The rapid growth in private equity . . . [Full Text of this Article]
2. The regulatory debate
3. The FSA response––risk
4. The FSA response—regulation?
5. The industry response
6. The Treasury Select Committee Report
7. Conclusion
相似文献
- Rapid growth in private equity in recent years hasgenerated a public debate over the possibility of regulation.The Financial Services Authority (FSA), British Venture CapitalAssociation (BVCA), Treasury and the Treasury Select Committeehave all been active on this front in recent months.
- This briefingnote provides an overview of the current state of play in theUK, taking account of the final guidelines published by SirDavid Walker and the changes to capital gains tax that havebeen announced by the Treasury.
- The BVCA guidelines will bringwithin its enhanced disclosure regime around 65 portfolio companiesand will operate on a comply or explain basis.
- TheFSA has indicated that it will focus on the risks of marketabuse and conflicts of interest arising from private equitytransactions, but it does not envisage a discrete regulatoryregime for the sector.
12.
The first 150 words of the full text of this article appear below. Key points
1. Introduction
2. US and EU perspectives on the regulation of foreign exchanges
The US view Regulation of stock exchanges Regulation of Alternative Trading Systems Regulation of foreign markets The Tradepoint release The Commodity futures trading commission's approach
The EU view
The Member State view
The USEU conflict
Public statements US concerns European interests
3. Industry practices and the controversy over foreign trading screens
Order routing channels
- Remote trading screens allow investors to trade onexchanges located in other jurisdictions. The Securities andExchange Commission (SEC) has generally prohibitedthe placement of foreign trading screens in the United Statesunless the associated exchange complies with US regulatory requirements.While the SEC defends its position as an essential investorprotection, European officials complain that SEC requirementsconstitute an unfair barrier to trade.
- This article arguesthat technological advances have largely mooted this contro-versy.Current requirements do not protect US investors as much asthe SEC claims nor do they inhibit competition as much as theSEC's critics assert.
- To the extent that alternative tradingmechanisms already give US investors de facto access to unregulatedforeign exchanges, the SEC may well choose to revisit its positionon foreign trading screens, particularly as US and Europeanfinancial markets become more integrated and disclosure requirementson both sides of
. . . [Full Text of this Article]