尸体肝细胞AgNOR不同时间形态改变与死亡时间的关系

采用显微图像分析方法，在动物实验的基础上，观察和分析人体死后不同时间肝细胞Ag－NOR的形态变化，探讨它与死亡时间两者间的关系。经图像分析灰度值测量，结果表明：AgNOR的死后变化与死亡时间有密切的关系，随着死后经过时间的延长，AgNOR颗粒形态越来越不清楚。灰度变化的量化指标提示，图像分析AgNOR的灰度改变，与形态改变一致，可以作为推断死亡时间的一个有参考价值的指标。     

心脏神经病

目的 研究心源性猝死的病理形态学。方法 用本组建立的CCS检查法对179例心源性猝死者作常规CCS组织学检查。结果 发现8例心脏神经或神经节内有出血、炎症或肿瘤浸润,伴神经组织水肿、变性、坏死,而其他病变不足以解释猝死。结论 一切原发或继发性心脏神经病均可致猝死。     

AGE,PERIOD, AND COHORT EFFECTS ON DEATH PENALTY ATTITUDES IN THE UNITED STATES, 1974–2014

In this article, we further the understanding of both changes in public opinion on capital punishment in the United States and changes in the factors associated with public opinion on the death penalty. Support for the death penalty may be motivated by events happening during specific time periods, and it can vary across birth cohorts as a result of cohort‐specific socialization processes, demographic changes, and formative events that are specific to each generation. An explication of the sources of and variation in death penalty attitudes over time would benefit from the accounting for the age of the respondent, the year of the survey response, and the birth cohort of the respondent. We improve on previous research by using multiple approaches including hierarchical age–period–cohort models and data from the General Social Survey (N = 41,474) to examine changes in death penalty attitudes over time and across birth cohorts. The results showed curvilinear age effects, strong period effects, and weak cohort effects on death penalty support. The violent crime rate explained much of the variation in support for the death penalty across periods. The examination of subgroup differences suggests that support for the death penalty is becoming concentrated among Whites, Protestants, and Republicans.     

水、油污中无电流斑电击死大鼠皮肤和心肌的病变

目的探讨水中、油污中无电流斑电击死法医学鉴定的病理形态学依据。方法 SD大鼠28只,分为水中、油污中无电流斑电击死各1组,典型电流斑组、正常对照组、死后电击组、死后水中、油污中电击各1组共7组。采用肉眼、光镜及投射电镜观察水中、油污中无电流斑电击死大鼠皮肤和心肌组织病理学改变,并与其它各组进行比较。结果采用肉眼观察,生前水中、油污中无电流斑电击死大鼠皮肤未见明显电流斑。普通光镜观察,可见电击中心部位表皮变性坏死、脱落,表皮细胞变薄、致密,表皮细胞或/和毛囊、汗腺、皮脂腺发生极性化改变。电镜观察,透明层和角质层分离脱落,基底细胞肿胀、细胞器减少、核固缩,汗腺导管上皮肿胀,棘细胞中粗面内质网扩张融合成泡状,线粒体肿胀空泡化;但光镜与电镜的变化与生前电击死比较不明显、典型。而死后电击组皮肤则无明显病理学改变。实验各组大鼠心肌的改变与皮肤改变类同。结论采用光镜和投透射电镜观察在潮湿环境中电击死的组织病理学改变,可为无电流斑电击死提供依据。     

应用酶组织化学方法鉴定死亡时间的初步探讨

利用7例颅脑外伤死亡的健康青年尸体,在死后48h,环境温度18～24℃,空气相对湿度83～92％和实验湿度54～64％的条件下,检测肝脏、肾脏酶活性的变化。实验结果表明,肝脏乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和L-苹果酸脱氢酶(MDH),随着死亡时间的延长,活性逐渐减低,48h近于阴性;而肾脏上述二种酶活性则在死亡后6h和24h出现高峰,36h开始下降;肝脏的酸性磷酸酶(ACP)亦于死后6h和24h出现高峰,36h开始下降。而肾脏此种酶在死后18～24h,有增高趋势。笔者认为上述酶活性的规律性变化有助于死亡时间的推断。应用二种以上酶活性的变化特点,能够较准确地判断死亡时间。     

Comparison of morphological changes in white blood cells after death and in vitro storage of blood for the estimation of postmortem interval.

Estimation of the time of death is one of the most important problems for forensic medicine and law. Physical and chemical postmortem changes are evaluated together while estimating the time of death.In this study, in vitro storage and postmortem changes of white blood cells were aimed to be compared within the given postmortem interval, and a follow-up study was carried out. Blood smears which were obtained from 10 non-refrigerated cadavers (experimental group) and from 40 hospital patients (control group) have been evaluated to observe and compare changes during the in vitro storage and postmortem degenerative morphological changes that white blood cells undergo throughout the given postmortem intervals. The samples were examined by using a light microscope, and blood cells were differentiated by staining blood films with May-Grunwald stain, followed by Giemsa stain. Identifiable degenerated eosinophils and monocytes were first examined at 6h of death and the in vitro storage, and they were unidentifiable beyond 72 h of storage. Identifiable degeneration of neutrophils were first examined at 6h of death and storage while unidentifiable beyond 96 h of storage. Identifiable degeneration of lymphocytes were first examined at 24h of death, and they were still identifiable beyond 120 h.Cellular changes of leukocytes can be useful in the 6-120 h for estimating the time of in vitro storage, and the findings match during the first 21 h for both experimental and control groups. Finally, this follow-up study and the comparison will also be carried out for a longer postmortem interval, and other specific hypothesis that relate cellular changes in tissues other than blood with time since death are various points that needs to be studied.     

Evaluation of histologic changes of the skin in postmortem period

ABSTRACT: Determination of the time of death is an important consideration in forensic practice. Many methods have been attempted to accurately and systematically determine the postmortem interval (PMI). Histologic examination of the skin or appendages is one of the methods tried by few researchers. However, no attempt had been made to analyze the histologic changes in the skin and appendages simultaneously and to compare them with PMI. We sequentially studied the histologic changes of the skin and appendages in the early PMI. The results of the present study show that the skin undergoes progressive morphological changes in the postmortem period. The epidermis and the dermis appeared normal for 6 hours after death, and after this period, degenerative changes began. By 6 to 9 hours after death, degeneration began in the dermis, and by the end of 18 hours, the dermis began to disintegrate. The sweat glands appeared normal for approximately 3 to 4 hours. For 18 hours after death, the sebaceous glands and hair follicles appeared normal, and after this period, degeneration began.     

Progressive muscular dystrophy of the Duchenne type

A case of sudden death is reported that occurred as a result of Duchenne type progressive muscular dystrophy with extreme myogenic changes. These changes consisted of extensive muscular lipomatous transformation, typical of the advanced stage of the disease. The heart showed myocardial fibrosis, the respiratory system acute tracheobronchitis with early signs of bronchopneumonia. The pattern of distribution of the changes in the musculature is discussed with regard to the sudden death as well as to the possibility that medical malpractice may have occurred.     

32例无心外原因猝死者传导系统病理学观察

在对32例无心外原因猝死者传导系统(CCS)组织学观察中,发现31例 CCS 有异常和病变,其中11例可致猝死。这些病变包括有急性炎症、出血、脂肪浸润和结内外神经病变,且与猝死有关。     

大鼠溺死后气管纤毛变化的扫描电镜观察

应用扫描电镜对大鼠溺死后不同时间气管纤毛病理变化进行了观察，发现溺死大鼠气管纤毛局部紊乱，杯状细胞顶端开口增多，纤毛表面粘附有较多的絮网状结构．随死后时间延长，纤毛出现粘结、倒伏、结构破坏、消失等死后变化．结果表明，用扫描电镜观察上述变化有助于溺死死因诊断和死后经过时间的推断．     

The tissue survival problem in using current methods of morphological study]

Time course of ultrastructural changes and RNA production in human brain and myocardial cells during the period between clinical and biological death is studied. Changes in the cytoplasm of brain neurons develop 4 hours after death, and 8 h post mortem the destructive changes in the cytoplasm and nuclei progress. During the period of 4-13 h post mortem the endotheliocyte nuclei are capable of producing RNA. Active production of RNA is on-going in the myocyte nuclei 4 h after death; the synthetic activity decreases by 8 h and by 13 h the synthetic activity in autopsy material is over.     

溺水尸体的额窦形态观察研究

目的探讨水中尸体生前死后入水问题.方法对溺水尸体的额窦进行了形态学观察,并与生前、死后入水形成的其他尸体征象进行比对.结果生前溺死者双侧额窦窦腔内有凝血块,额窦骨壁内出血;死后入水的尸体及机械性窒息的尸体额窦腔内及额窦骨壁无出血.结论该方法操作简便,易于观察掌握,可作为法医尸检中鉴别生前溺水或死后入水的方法之一.     

心脏性猝死心肌组织N-Cadherin、Bax表达变化及评价

目的观察心脏性猝死者(SCD)心肌组织的神经性钙粘附蛋白(N-Cadherin)和Bax的表达变化,探讨其法医学意义。方法分别选取心脏性猝死和排除心脏疾病死因的尸检案例心肌组织标本各33例、29为SCD组和对照组。光镜下观察心肌组织病理学改变,检测N-Cadherin和Bax在心肌组织中的表达变化,并进行统计学分析。结果 N-Cadherin在SCD组心肌中表达呈弱阳性,排列紊乱,显著低于正常心肌,正常心肌组织中N-Cadherin呈强阳性表达,细胞间界限明显,排列整齐。Bax在SCD组表达呈阳性,显著高于正常心肌。结论 N-Cadherin和Bax的变化表达对心脏性猝死鉴定有意义。     

吸毒死亡相关者组织病理学观察

目的研究吸毒死亡者的组织病理学特点,为此类案件的诊断提供有价值的参考资料。方法收集30例吸毒者尸体材料,进行系统尸体解剖和组织病理学检查,并结合吸毒者生前资料进行综合分析。结果体表注射痕迹、消瘦、窒息现象和重要器官病变与吸毒密切相关。30例中,20％死于疾病,33．3％死于毒品过量致急性中毒,26．7％在戒毒期间死亡,10％猝死,10％死于外来暴力。结论系统尸检和组织病理学观察在毒品相关死亡案例的诊断中有重要意义。     

Evaluation of the placenta in a stillborn fetus to estimate the time of death

The authors present a case of a presumably unknown pregnancy, in which the newborn was found dead in the bathroom. The child was considered stillborn and the death due to natural causes. The literature on estimation of the time of fetal death is reviewed. It has been reported that certain placental histological changes are useful in predicting the time of death in stillborn fetuses, but little has been published about their potential role. Furthermore, parameters evaluated by literature in examining the placenta for determining time of fetal demise in cases of stillbirth are not uniform in the few studies that have been published. We emphasize that any attempt to estimate the time of fetal death without an adequate knowledge of placental morphological changes is futile and forensically unjustifiable, and that a comprehensive placental, external, and histological examination of the fetus is still the method of choice to gain a reliable forensic answer.     

家兔死后玻璃体液电导率变化与死亡时间的关系

目的探讨家兔死后玻璃体液电导率变化与死亡时间的相关性。方法采用电导分析法检测家兔30℃下死后48h内及20℃下死后120h内玻璃体液电导率变化。结果30℃和20℃下家兔死后玻璃体液电导率随死亡时间延长而持续升高。经统计分析得到抛物线型二项式回归方程,其相关系数分别为0.970和0.983,两式P〈0.01。结论家兔死后玻璃体液电导率升高程度可以作为推断死亡时间的参考指标。     

The morphological equivalents of the peripheral nervous system reaction in certain types of death

The article deals with the results of analysis of morphological changes in peripheral nervous system in some types of violent and sudden death. They reflect characteristics of morpho- and pathogenesis and can be used to validate the main cause of death.     

家兔眼玻璃体液21例元素含量PMI关系的研究

目的寻找一种精确推定PMI的方法。方法应用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS),系统研究了家兔死后96h内眼玻璃体液21种元素含量与PMI的相关性。结果眼玻璃体液Co、Mo、Cd、Sb、I、Pb、Bi、Li共8种元素与PMI无关。K、Mg、Fe、P、Na、Al、Ca、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba共13种元素含量与PMI有关。结论眼玻璃体液K、Mg、Fe、P、Na、Al、Ca、Ti、Ni、Cu、Zn、Sr、Ba共13种元素与PMI有关。为研究人尸体眼玻璃体液元素与PMI的关系奠定了选择指标的基础。     

Biochemical changes of the synovial liquid in corpses with regard to the cause of death. 1: Calcium, inorganic phosphorus, glucose, cholesterol, urea nitrogen, uric acid, proteins, and albumin

We present in this work a study about biochemical changes of the synovial liquid in 100 corpses with regard to the cause of death. The results obtained in the different groups of causes of death show that the biochemical parameters were modified postmortem although we think that this modification is related more directly to the duration of the pathological process that leads to death than with the nature of the process itself.     

Enzymehistochemical and immunohistological changes of skeletal muscle motor end-plates and muscle fibers and their relation to the time of death

In order to investigate the relationship between the retrograde changes of the skeletal muscle and the time of death in various postmortem intervals (PMI), a systemic study of the enzymehistochemical activity of AChE, SDH, LDH, Ca(2+)-ATPase and the immunohistochemical reaction of SYN in motor end-plates and muscle fibers was conducted in rats under different temperatures and at various PMI. The results were analyzed and compared by an image processing system. It was found that these changes were related to the PMI, especially AChE changes. The AChE could be used as a sign-enzyme of skeletal muscle to date death.