Morphological study of human hair infected with Microsporum canis

Some aspects in forensic medical examination of hairs damaged by Microsporum canis are discussed. The data of microscopic, fluorescent, and serological studies of damaged hairs and methods for their examination are presented.     

道路交通事故速度重建技术现状

事故车辆行驶速度是道路交通事故调查的重要内容,也是公安交通管理部门进行事故认定,法院进行司法审判的关键技术依据。目前事故车辆行驶速度调查的主要途径是办案单位委托具有专业技术能力的司法鉴定机构进行速度重建,使用的方法主要有基于事故形态的速度重建、基于模拟软件的速度重建、基于车载记录数据的速度重建和基于视频图像的速度重建。通过从速度重建的技术发展、执业类别和能力验证等方面介绍了我国道路交通事故速度重建技术的发展现状。     

Hydrolysis of clonazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam by hydrochloric acid. Identification of some additional products

Several by-products in the hydrochloric acid hydrolysis of clonazepam, flunitrazepam and nitrazepam are isolated by a combination of TLC and HPLC. With mass and NMR spectroscopic methods the structures of the by-products are established. Some indications are given for possible modes of formation of the by-products.     

Are convenience DNA samples significantly different?

In this paper, the issue of whether DNA databases collected by different convenience sampling methods are significantly different statistically is investigated. Testing the null hypothesis that the population probability or frequency distributions of DNA profiles under different sampling methods are the same is of interest in this investigation. Some statistical analyses are conducted on the single-locus VNTR databases collected from different sources by the Hong Kong Government Laboratory. The bootstrap, Monte Carlo simulation and significance tests including the Pearson's chi-squared, likelihood ratio, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov two-sample statistics are employed for testing the hypothesis. The results are promising that no probability values of the tests are smaller than 5%. In other words, there is not enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis at the 5% level, which provides more confidence for using the VNTR reference databases commonly collected by convenience sampling.     

作为第四规则的法律方法及其功能

对司法而言,法律方法可视为除了法律、习惯和法学学理之外,法官进行司法裁判时所运用的“第四规则”,也是法官在司法中保守法律宗旨和规定,并同时有所作为的基本工具依赖.作为“第四规则”的法律方法,在司法中对法律和法治发挥着四种功能：即对法律和法治的守成功能;对法律和法治的外溢（烁）功能;对法律和法治的内卷功能以及对法律和法治的补漏功能.这些功能,有些籍由所有的法律方法获得,如守成功能;而有些籍由特定的或部分的法律方法获得.     

Maltreatment by police officers?

In January 1990 amnesty international stated a report concerning 128 cases of alleged torture by the police in Austria since december 1984. Our material consists of 31 cases, three case reports are given in detail. Problems of medical expertise are discussed. It may be difficult to rule out injuries which are caused by accident or self inflicted. Some methods of torture (certain kinds of asphyxia for example) may be impossible to trace.     

Modern screening strategies in analytical toxicology with special regard to new benzodiazepines

Screening procedures for the detection of toxicologically relevant substances have become of ever-increasing importance due to the rapid development of new substances. Identification methods must be simple, sensitive, and practicable. This article describes standardized chromatographical (corrected Rcf values, retention indices) and immunological methods (enzyme-multiplied immunoassay technique, fluorescent polarization immunoassay) with special regard to the screening of some newer benzodiazepines, a class of substances that is still expanding. Some of these new compounds may be integrated in well-known screening procedures (via aminobenzophenones and detection by the Bratton-Marshall reagent); others require special concepts for detection. The problems are indicated and discussed, including the use of high-pressure-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry; recommendations are given.     

分子生物学检查在猝死综合症患者法医学尸体检验中的应用

猝死综合症用来泛指急死后是用传统检查技术手段未能发现致死病变的情况。由于原因不明,其诊断和病因学的研究均十分困难。猝死综合症的诊断是法医学尸体检验实践中的难题之一。近年来,随着分子生物学技术和遗传学研究的不断深入,对于一些与猝死有关的发现不断报道,有希望用于法医学实践,用于将此类猝死进一步分型,并为进一步的深入研究提供准确的流行病学资料。     

The use of combined spectroscopy in analytical toxicology (author's transl)]

The combined application of the four spectrometric techniques UV, IR, NMR and MS is an important analytical tool for the identification of the increasing number of potential poisons with which the analysts in the fields of forensic sciences and toxicology are confronted. Some of the contributions of these techniques to toxicological analyses are reviewed and illustrated by a few examples. Furthermore, the incorporation of the four methods into the analytical scheme, the requirements with respect to quantity and purity of the unkown substances, as well as the different possibilities for the combination of separation and identification techniques are outlined.     

A photometric method for the quantitative mapping of parallel striated marks

A scanning detection system has been developed to provide quantitative surface profile information from cases of parallel striated marks of the type encountered in the forensic laboratory. Details of the scanning system, casting methods and calibration technique are described. Some examples of the results from flat and curved surfaces are presented.     

微生物物证检验的核酸分析技术

本文阐述了核酸分析技术中的VNTR／MLVA、PFGE、AFLP、SNP等方法和这些方法在生物犯罪中的实际应用；对这些方法的特点进行了总结归纳，并提出了我国公安机关在当前形势下发展核酸分析技术的一些建议。     

Why study the future of criminal justice?

To a large, extent criminal justice agencies arereactive in nature and thus are at the mercy of evants beyond their control. The author suggest that use of futures research and forecasting methods, followed by development of policy alternatives through futures planning techniques, will aid agencies in becomingproactive —being able to anticipate future trends and develop and choose among alternative policies demed most beneficial to achievement of the goals and objectives of the agency. Some techniques of futures research are discussed as is the efficacy of presentation of findings in the form of scenarios.     

关于建立侦查讯问中律师在场制度的尝试与思考

业已进行的讯问犯罪嫌疑人律师在场制度的试验表明:犯罪嫌疑人对此一般表示欢迎,他们在侦查中形成的口供比较稳定,此后没有翻供现象;而另一组没有律师参加讯问的犯罪嫌疑人,侦查终结后有的人进行翻供,并把原因归咎于侦查人员的不当讯问。同时,大多数侦查人员对试验表示理解和支持,并认为对侦查活动没有负面影响,反而有积极意义。试验还表明,建立讯问犯罪嫌疑人律师在场制度,并不需要“一刀切”,且我国目前及今后相当长一段时期也难以做到“一刀切”,因此,需要探索、建立替代性制度,如讯问时录音、录像制度。     

Methods of sex trafficking: findings of a case study in Turkey

The underground sex industry in Turkey has increasingly become dependent on the foreign women, predominantly coming from the former Soviet Union. Some of these women became victims of sex trafficking. However, little is known about how they are recruited, transferred to, and exploited in Turkey. This article attempts to enlighten this process and makes use of police-recorded victim interviews (N?=?430), as well as key personnel interviews (N=?18) as primary data. Various methods and tactics are found to be used in sex trafficking operations in Turkey. Most victims are recruited by persons known to them proposing attractive job possibilities, especially in the entertainment business. The majority of victims enter Turkey with legal documents and with various transportation means. Traffickers obtain girls and sell them to customers in public and private settings using methods to control the victims, such as debt bondage, violence, confinement, confiscation of travel documents, and threats.     

斑蝥的滥用及检测

斑蝥在我国是一种常用的剧毒中药材,如果使用剂量适量、方法得当,疗效显著,可治疗多种疾病;如果使用不当,可致中毒甚至中毒致死。因斑蝥可入药,对癌症、皮肤病有一定疗效,常有不遵医嘱自行滥用斑蝥治疗某些疾病的事件发生,民间也常有轻信谬传误用斑蝥当作偏方治疗用药。法医实际工作中经常遇到因滥用斑蝥导致中毒或死亡的案件,为此对斑蝥的药性、临床应用、检测方法及发展方向作了介绍,并对滥用斑蝥导致中毒或致死的案例进行了汇总。     

Chronicles of an information company

The birth and growth of a US West Coast information company is chronicled from its beginning as a part-time partnership to its status five years later as a small but profitable corporation providing information services to Government agencies as well as graduate students. Documentation Associates provides a search and retrieval service that includes brokering on-line data-base searches, and the investment required to set up and maintain this kind of operation is described. Some information-broker policies are discussed, e.g. service types, pricing methods, and the reasons for the wide disparity in data-base search prices are examined. The policies of Documentation Associates in the operation of its broker service are presented.     

Manufacturing processes for athletic shoe outsoles and their significance in the examination of footwear impression evidence

The most common methods of manufacturing athletic shoe outsoles are given and how each method can influence the examination of footwear impression evidence. Several processes for manufacturing athletic shoe outsoles are described. Significant factors of each process that are relevant to the examination of footwear impressions are explained. Some manufacturing processes result in distinguishing random characteristics which can assist in the identification of a shoe sole, even when new. These characteristics, together with the traditionally observed wear patterns and random cuts on the shoe outsoles, enable the examiner a stronger basis for expert opinion.     

The seed queen

Although many drugs are routinely used in medicine and therefore knowledge of them is potentially important in death investigations, the actual manufacture or composition of the individual tablets or capsules is not general forensic information. Some of this information is protected under laws dealing with manufacturing secrets, and some is patent information pertaining to methods of manufacturing. When tablets or capsules are part of the evidence from the victim, their appearance may not always be in the form that is expected. This case presents a misidentification of tablet material as "seeds" that resulted in a delayed diagnosis of the cause of death. The composition of the tablet material is discussed so that others may avoid this error.     

唾液中滥用药物分析及其与血液中药物浓度的相关性

唾液是一种成分简单、易于采集的体液,某些药物在唾液中的浓度可以反映其血药浓度。本文分析了滥用药物进入唾液的机制和影响因素,综述了唾液中滥用药物分析时样品的采集、前处理和检测方法以及唾液与血液中药物浓度的相关性。认为唾液是临床和法医学方面很有价值的分析样品,用唾液中滥用药物浓度来推测血药浓度具有一定的法医学意义。     

What constitutes a positive result in hair analysis: proposal for the establishment of cut-off values

Hair is still a seldom used specimen in most laboratories but its analysis has the potential of making a valuable contribution. Despite the many worthwhile reports, the scientific community at large still has reservations about the validity of hair analysis. Some of this is due to a lack of consensus among the active investigators on how to interpret the results from an analysis of hair. In USA, passive exposure seems to be a major problem, which can only be eliminated with difficulty. On the other hand, in Europe, scientists are performing standard decontamination procedures. It would be very helpful if a group of active researchers on hair analysis, representative of academic, government and private laboratories could define what are the areas of agreement and what are the issues that require further efforts to get a consensus. We propose the following guidelines: (1) a complete decontamination procedure, including the analysis of the wash solution; (2) two distinct analytical methods (immunoassay and GC/MS, or two different GC/MS methods); (3) the establishment of cut-off values (using 30-mg hair samples), 0.5 ng/mg of 6-MAM in the case of heroin abuse, and 1 ng/mg of cocaine in the case of cocaine abuse, which can be decreased to 0.5 ng/mg when use is supported by other evidence of drug intake.